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• Globalization


  Pertains to the movements not only of goods, but of ideas as well
• Religion


  As an idea, was moved through exchanges (e.g. exchanges of goods in the Silk Road), and most importantly, through colonization
• Universalizing Kingship - many were inspired to navigate the uncharted islands of the world for prestige and honor
• Discovered islands like the Philippines were named after the monarch, and were owned by the "Conquistadores" as part of their goal to expand their territories
• The goal of expansionism and colonization is to spread their religious ideologies
• "Panahon ng Krus at Espada"


  "Krus" because the colonizers aimed to covert the locales into Christianity; "Espada" on the other hand, symbolizes the use of force by these colonizers in the conversion process
• Magellan arrived at Limasawa, where Magellan's missionaries conducted the first mass on Philippine soil

  March 1521
• The first recorded conversion in the Philippines took place when the King and Queen of Cebu and their subjects embraced the Catholic faith during the Sunday mass

  April 14, 1521
• Colonization and the colonial construction of culture; division between the "OLD CULTURE" (barbaric, uncivilized culture) and the "MODERN CULTURE" (new, acceptable culture) has become salient in the aforesaid historical period
• Old Culture


  The people from "old and traditional" societies were constructed as "OTHERS" by the colonizers. These societies were viewed as the "savage other", "black other" and "oriental other" because their beliefs are different from them (i.e. most, if not all of these societies are polytheistic; polytheism is viewed by the Europeans as "barbaric")
• Modern Culture


  The people from the "modern culture" are those who believes in monotheism and Christianity
• Religion


  Generally defined as "a system of beliefs and practices"
• Religion


  A set of beliefs, feelings, dogmas, and practices that define the relations between human being and sacred or divinity
• Religion


  A given religion is defined by specific elements of a community of believers: dogmas, sacred books, rites, worship, sacrament, moral prescription, interdicts, organization
• Religion


  From the Latin "religare" which means to bind together again that which was once bound but has since been torn apart or broken
• Durkheim's views on modern societies


  • Shifted from Mechanical to Organic Solidarity, and from Collective Consciousness to Collective Representations. Therefore, nothing binds people together given their heightened differences which results in ANOMIE
• Globalization


  Individuals feel more insecure as the life they once led is being contested and changed at the same time
• Religion


  Helps in binding together those "which was once bound but has since been torn apart or broken"
• Functions of religion according to Durkheim

  • Social Cohesion
  • Social Control
  • Meaning and Purpose
• Religion creates a bond that binds people living in the modern world
• Globalization of religion


  Religion is influenced by the transmitted ideas of a globalized world
• Items on an altar table

  • Incense
  • Sto. Nino
  • Feng shui
  • Palaspas
  • Anting-anting
• Due to Globalization of religion, we have become the MELTING POT OF RELIGION
• Glocalization of religion


  The interaction of local and elite (dominant) religions in the globalized world
• Glocalization


  A combination of "globalization" and "localization." It is used to describe something that is disseminated globally, but such is also adjusted to accommodate the locales
• Roman Catholicism in the Philippines is GLOCALIZED. Filipinos do not practice Roman Catholicism purely since we incorporate other religions to our Catholic faith. Hence, we "adjusted" Roman Catholicism to fit our beliefs, cultures, and traditions
• Effects of Glocalization of Religion

  • Homogenization of Religion
  • Pluralization of Religion
  • Commodification of Religion
• Homogenization of Religion


  The popularization and diffusion of religious symbols to reduce religious diversity. Homogenization can often lead to HEGEMONIZATION – the assimilation of the minority religion and weaker religious groups into the mainstream
• Homogenization of Religion


  • Animismo sa Timog Silangang Asya as the weaker religion has become almost obsolete due to the presence of the more popular religion in SEA like Buddhism, Islam and Catholicism
• Pluralization of Religion


  Implies the existence and practice of more than one form of religion simultaneously. This is a reactive process to the homogenization and hegemonization of religion
• Commodification of Religion


  Globalized religious rituals are stripped-off their religious roots - authentic meaning and significance, and are sold in the market
• Commodification of Religion


  • Yoga stems from the Vedas - the Indian holy texts that were composed from around 1900BC. Yoga practices have been widely adopted in the West where the practice is stripped of its spiritual significance and developed merely as a meditation technique
  • Products related to Pastafarianism, Flat Earthers, and Scientology as emerging beliefs are being commodified
• Commodification of Religion


  • Local gods and goddesses which were until recently associated with the more plebian masses are finding new homes in malls and multiplexes. In the Philippines, churches are often found in areas that are more "masa" like in Baclaran or Quiapo. Now, churches and chapels are being erected in shopping malls like those in Greenbelt and Greenhills
• Globalization brings a culture of pluralism - Religions with overlapping but distinctive ethics and interests interact with one another
• Products related to Pastafarianism, Flat Earthers, and Scientology

  • Emerging beliefs being commodified
• People buy such items to support said emerging beliefs or just for the lolz
• Commodification of religion


  Local gods and goddesses which were until recently associated with the more plebian masses are finding new homes in malls and multiplexes
• In the Philippines, churches are often found in areas that are more "masa" like in Baclaran or Quiapo


  • Now, churches and chapels are being erected in shopping malls like those in Greenbelt and Greenhills
• Globalization brings a culture of pluralism


  • Religions with overlapping but distinctive ethics and interests interact with one another
  • The world's leading religious traditions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—teach values such as human dignity, equality, freedom, peace, and solidarity
• Organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO) generally share many of the same basic commitments as religious traditions


  Mainly peace, human dignity, and human equality, as well as conflict resolution in which they actively engage in negotiation, mediation, and diplomacy