17

• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)


  Eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world's poorest people
• Leaders of 189 countries signed the historic millennium declaration at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000 to meet the MDGs and eradicate poverty
• The success of the MDGs was not experienced equally across the globe, which is a major defeat
• Extreme Poverty 50 Percent Reduction Rate

  • Southeastern Asia exceeded the goal by 16%
  • Southern Asia exceeded the goal by 12.5%
  • Northern Africa scraped by at about 1.2%
  • Sub-Saharan Africa did not even meet the goal and was 12.5% away
• More than 800 million people continue to live in extreme poverty despite the successes of the MDGs
• Gender inequality persists despite more representation of women in parliament and more girls going to school. Women continue to face discrimination in access to work, economic assets and participation in private and public decision-making
• Women in Saudi Arabia


  • Limited education, freedom, must submit to their husbands
  • Women discrimination in employment: Patriarchy (Men are more able than women), Women have more benefits than men
• Children from the poorest 20% of households are more than twice as likely to be stunted as those from the wealthiest 20% and are also four times as likely to be out of school. In countries affected by conflict, the proportion of out-of-school children increased from 30% in 1999 to 36% in 2012
• Stunted


  A "manifestation of the severe, irreversible physical and cognitive damage" caused by chronic malnutrition
• Nigeria


  • An estimated 17 million or 43.6% of children under the age of five have their bodies and minds limited by stunting
• There has been a 50% increase in carbon dioxide emissions and water scarcity affects more than 40% of the world in comparison to 1990 statistics
• The failure of the MDGs led to the birth of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)


  A set of 17 goals created by leaders from 193 countries that imagines a future just 15 years off that would be rid of poverty and hunger, and safe from the worst effects of climate change
• Poverty


  The pronounced deprivation of well-being. It is not being able to satisfy one's basic needs because one possesses insufficient money to buy services or lacks the access to services
• Absolute poverty


  A state of severe deprivation of the basic human needs such as food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, healthcare, education and information. The only focus of people living in absolute poverty is to survive each day as it comes
• Absolute poverty


  • "Isang kahig, isang tuka"
• Relative poverty


  A type of poverty that is relative to the average standard of living in that person's society. What is considered high income in one country could be considered middle or low income in another
• Relative poverty


  • If a family's income isn't enough to meet the average standard of living, they are considered to be in relative poverty
• Situational poverty


  A temporary type of poverty as it involves a crisis or loss occurring, such as environmental disasters, divorce, or severe health problems
• Situational poverty


  • Typhoon Yolanda kills 6,300 Filipinos. Many people in East Samar and Leyte were homeless, lost their jobs, and had nothing to their name
• Generational poverty


  A cycle of poverty wherein two to three generations were born and lived in poverty. Because they were born into this situation, they usually don't have the tools to help get themselves out of it
• Generational poverty


  • John is poor and uneducated so he cannot find a regular, good paying employment. Because of his financial circumstances, he is unable to send his son to school. It is highly possible that his son's son (grandson) will grow poor and uneducated as well
• Urban poverty


  A type of poverty only for metropolitan areas with populations over 50,000. Overcrowding, violence, noise, and poor community help programs make it even more difficult for people suffering from this type of poverty to get out of it
• Urban poverty


  • Ami is living in a condominium situated somewhere in Taft, Manila. Every Thursday night, she walks down the streets filled with vomit and garbage. The air she inhales is polluted by smoke coming from several cars and cigarettes. No peace is given by the party music, the honking drivers who are stuck in traffic, and the group of teenagers who are throwing San Mig/Red Horse bottles at each other
• Rural poverty


  A type of poverty only for nonmetropolitan areas with populations below 50,000. The low population limits services available for people struggling financially, and a lack of job opportunities only compounds the problem
• Rural poverty


  • Underdeveloped rural areas in the Philippines are unable to produce jobs that would cater to its population resulting in the migration of its working population to the urban areas
• Hunger


  3 types: Acute hunger (famine), Chronic hunger (long-term undernourishment), Hidden hunger (nutrient deficiency)
• Acute hunger


  • A malnourished Syrian baby who died of hunger. One-month-old Sahar has become the face of the severe food crisis facing parts of Syria
• Chronic hunger


  • Almost 1 in every 3 people who live in Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from Chronic Hunger due to extreme poverty
• Hidden hunger


  A form of chronic hunger due to an unbalanced diet, where important nutrients are lacking, such as iron, iodine, zinc or vitamin A. The consequences are not necessarily very visible at first, but over the long-term these nutrient deficiencies lead to serious diseases
• Hidden hunger


  • In the US, the real picture of undernutrition are children who are obese and are malnourished because they are consuming the wrong types of foods – foods that are calorie dense, but nutritionally poor
• Reasons why hunger exists

  • Wars and conflicts
  • Natural disasters
  • Poverty
  • Inequalities
  • Biased global trade
  • Poor governance
  • Waste of resources
• Hunger


  Is not only a consequence of poverty, it also causes poverty, by being passed on from generation to generation - a vicious circle
• If mothers-to-be are already undernourished, their children cannot develop correctly during the pregnancy and are frequently born prematurely and/or underweight. A malnourished child is more prone to have a reduced physical and mental capacity in adulthood. And so the earning opportunities decrease, the poverty risk increases, the cycle continues
• Banana production in Africa


  • Increasingly grown for export on large plantations
  • Monoculture production methods used can destroy entire ecosystems
• Banana industry


  • Consumes more agrochemicals
  • Some agrochemicals classified as hazardous by World Health Organization
  • Agrochemical use pollutes water supplies and can have devastating impacts on worker health
• Hunger


  Not only a consequence of poverty, it also causes poverty, by being passed on from generation to generation - a vicious circle
• Sustainable Development Goal: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
• Determinants of health

  • Income and social status
  • Education
  • Physical environment
  • Employment and working conditions
  • Policies
  • Health services
  • Individual behavior
  • Biology and genetics
• Higher income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health.