General Terms

• Francis Crick and James Watson won the Nobel Prize for determining the structure of DNA in 1962 provided by Rosalind Franklin
• Protein Synthesis requires two steps: transcription and translation
• the three kinds of RNA are: Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and Ribosomal RNA
• Messenger RNA contains the genetic information. It is a copy of the portion of DNA. It carries genetic information from the gene (DNA) out of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm of the cell where it is translated to produce protein.
• Ribosomal RNA is a type of RNA is a structural component of the ribosomes. It does not contain a genetic message. It is found like dots attached to the ribosomes (RER); it is involved in the manufacture of proteins.
• Transfer RNA functions to transport amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
• transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
• Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.
• Translation is the process of assembling protein molecules from the information encoded in mRNA.
• Translation starts off when mRNA goes out of the nucleus by passing though the nuclear pores.  The mRNA joins a group of ribosomes, and together they align to form a template or pattern. The tRNA with their respective amino acids go to these ribosomes.  The tRNA bear their anticodons complementary to the codon of mRNA. 
• The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine in eukaryotes and a modified Met (fMet) in prokaryotes. The most common start codon is AUG.
• stop codon or termination codon is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins, which are UAA, UAG, or UGA
• Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that affect the organism's phenotype.
• Somatic mutations are mutations that cannot be passed generation to generation but can cause cancer or other problems in the body
• Mutations in sex cells are those that can be passed of to an offspring, it can lead to changes in the sequence of DNA
• In point mutation, when a purine is changed into another purine or a pyrimidine is changed into another pyrimidine, it is called transition
• In point mutation, when a purine is changed into a pyrimidine, or vice versa, it is called transversion
• The first adult animal clone is named as Dolly the sheep
• Down's Syndrome is caused by non-disjunction of the 21st chromosomes, meaning the individual has three chromosomes or trisomy at their 21st chromosomes
• Klinefelter's syndrome is a condition where a person has an extra X chromosome on the sex chromosomes, resulting in a male with female characteristics like less hair, small testes, bigger breast, etc.
• Turner's syndrome is a condition where a woman lacks one of her two X chromosomes, leading to infertility, short stature, webbed neck, etc.
• Cloning is the process of producing a group of genetically identical offspring from the cells of an organism
• gene splicing is when DNA from two different species are joined together. This type of genetic engineering provides a way to produce rare substances