Paper 2

• What is The increase in people living in towns and cities?
• 17


  1980
• Urbanisation


  More specifically...
• By 2050 it is predicted 70% will be living in urban areas
• Urban growth


  Urban growth is caused by...
• Urbanisation results in the creation of

  Megacities
• Megacity


  An urban area with over 10 million people living in it. For example Mumbai, Tokyo and Mexico City.
• Natural Increase


  If a country has a higher birth rate than death rate, the population will naturally increase. This type of population is often found in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM where there is a high number of young adults (18-35 years) who are having lots of children and few older people who are dying due to improved healthcare. Therefore urban growth is common in NEES.
• Rural to urban migration


  The movement of people from the countryside to cities. It is caused by push factors (pushing people out of rural areas) and pull factors (pulling people to cities).
• Push factors


  Factors that push people out of an area. Negative factors that make people want to leave an area.
• Push factors


  • Farming is hard and poorly paid
  • Increased use of machinery in farming - less people needed to word=
  • Dry land in rural areas caused by desertification-land cannot be farmed
  • Fewer doctors, hospitals, schools and transportation routes
• Pull factors


  Factors that pull people out of an area. Negative factors that make people want to leave an area.
• Pull factors


  • More highly skilled, better paid jobs
  • Range of entertainment opportunities
  • More and better doctors and hospitals
  • More schools and better education
  • Better transportation routes/public transport
• In 1950 33% of the world's population lived in urban areas, whereas in 2015 55% of the world's population lived in urban areas.
• More specifically, 65% of all megacities are located in LICs and NEEs.
• Industrialisation


  As a country develops their economy changes from agriculture (primary) to manufacturing (secondary) and services (tertiary). This occurs during the industrial revolution. Most of the secondary and tertiary jobs are in towns and cities. When this occurs, lots of people move from rural to urban areas rapid urbanisation.
• The UK and other HICs had their industrial revolution in the 18th & 19 centuries.
• LICs and NEEs are going through their industrial revolution now. For example China's industrial revolution started in 1980. As a result more people in LICs and NEEs are currently moving to urban areas.
• Natural increase


  LICs and NEEs are in stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model. In these stages there is a high birth rate and lower death rate more people are born than are dye the population naturally increases. In HICs there is a low death rate and even lower birth rate the population is declining
• Counter-urbanisation


  In HICs, people are deciding to leave cities and live in the surrounding countryside to get a better quality of life (less pollution, quieter, more space). They can commute to work due to improved transportation.
• Case study of an urban area in an LIC or NEE

  • Rio de Janeiro
• Case study of an urban area in a HIC

  • Sheffield
• Rio de Janeiro is located in Guanabara Bay, on the south-east coast of Brazil, it lies next to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the cultural capital of Brazil and 2nd largest city, with a population of 12.5 million
• Rio's importance at the REGIONAL level


  It provides schools, hospitals, universities, employment, leisure & recreation. It is important due to its art and culture scene. It also is an important transport hub with airports and docks.
• Rio's importance at the NATIONAL (country) level

  It is home to many of Brazil's largest company headquarters including mining, oil and telecommunications. Rio is a major centre specialising in clothing, processed food, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
• Rio's importance at the INTERNATIONAL level


  It hosts international events such as the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics, as well as many of its companies trading internationally.
• These factors have attracted a multicultural population with people from all over the world moving to Rio to live.
• Countries people have moved to Rio from

  • South Korea
  • China
  • UK
  • USA
  • Portugal
  • Argentina
  • Bolivia
• Opportunities created by urban growth in Rio


  • JOBS
  • BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
  • EDUCATION
  • SERVICES
  • HEALTHCARE
  • ENTERTAINMENT
• Evidence of opportunities in Rio

  • Rio provides >6% of all jobs in Brazil
  • Rio is home to many manufacturing industries, (pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods) and service industries (banking, insurance)
  • As Rio grows there are many jobs in construction
  • Rio produces 5% of Brazil's GDP
  • Rio provide grants to poor families to encourage children to attend school
  • Rio have many volunteers who help in schools
  • There are adult classes to help adults gain skills-better jobs
  • Rio has a new nuclear generator and hydro-electric power station-more energy produced
  • 60km of new electricity lines better access to energy
  • By 2014, 95% of Rio had access to a mains water supply. This was due to 7 new water treatment plants and 300km of new water pipes being laid
  • 12 new sewage works have been built and 5km of sewage pipes installed in badly polluted areas
  • Some areas in Brazil (Barra de Tijuna) have a life expectancy of 80 years old. Brazil (as a country) has an average life expectancy of 63 years
  • Medical staff go into favelas and offer emergency medication to people's homes
  • One of the world's top tourist destinations- The Statue of Christ the Redeemer, stunning natural surroundings and entertainment
  • It has two major airports and five shipping ports
• Challenges created by urban growth in Rio

  • Lack of healthcare
  • Lack of education
  • Lack of water supply
  • Lack of energy
  • Unemployment
  • Air pollution
  • Water pollution
  • Waste pollution
  • Creation of squatter settlements
• Squatter settlements


  These are illegal settlements on the outskirts of cities. Characteristics: Poorly built homes using basic materials, Houses built on steep slopes-landslides, 30% no electricity 50% no sewage system and 12% no running water, 20% are unemployed. Those who are are often employed in the informal sector (e.g. street vendor) which are poorly paid ($60/month), no contract
• Urban planning scheme to improve quality of life in favelas

  • The Favela Bairro Project - Roads have been improved and paved, Improved access to water pipes and sanitation, Hillsides strengthened to prevent landslides, New healthcare, leisure and education facilities, New cable car was built, connecting the favela to Bonsucesso Station, where people can go to city centre, however it closed in 2016 due to a lack of government funding, 100% mortgages provided for locals to buy homes, A Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) was set up - less crime
• Successful aspects of the Favela Bairro Project

  Access/mobility is better, access to jobs in city centre, improved healthcare, education, access to services, 100% mortgages more people can buy homes, less crime, fewer landslides
• Unsuccessful aspects of the Favela Bairro Project

  New infrastructure not maintained and residents did not have skills to fix it, area improved - population increased so challenges remain
• Population distribution


  The way something is spread out over an area
• Industrialisation


  Growth of secondary manufacturing
• De-industrialisation


  Decline of secondary manufacturing
• Post industrial economy


  Economy is mainly tertiary and quaternary industries
• Brownfield site


  Land that has previously been built on