(module1-lecture) ANAPHY-HUMAN ORGANISM

• Anatomy- the study of structures of the body
• Physiology- the study of the processes and functions of the body
• What are the 6 levels of organization for human body?

  • chemical
  • cell
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organism
• Chemical- involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
• Cell- basic structural and functional units of organism
• Tissue- a group of similar cells and the material surrounding them
• Organ- composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
• Organ System- a group of organs classified as a units because of a common function or set of functions
• Organism- a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another and that work together to maintain life
• What are the 11 organ system of human body?

  • integumentary
  • skeletal
  • muscular
  • nervous
  • endocrine
  • cardiovascular
  • lymphatic
  • respiratory
  • digestive
  • urinary
  • reproductive
• Integumentary- provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce Vitamin D

  Some organs- skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
• Skeletal- provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores mineral and adipose tissue

  Some organs- bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints
• Muscular- produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat

  Some organs- muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
• Nervous- major regulatory system that detects sensations and control movements, physiological processes, intellectual functions

  Some organs- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
• Endocrine- major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction

  Some organs- endocrine glands, such as pituitary, that secrete hormones
• Cardiovascular- transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the immune response and regulation of the body temperature

  Some organs- heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Lymphatic- removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract

  Some organ- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
• Respiratory- exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, regulates blood pH

  Some organs- lungs and respiratory passages such as nose
• Digestive- performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste

  Some organs- mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
• Urinary- removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balances, water balance

  Some organs- kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters
• Reproductive- produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males for reproduction and hormones that influences sexual functions and behavior

  Some organs- female (ovaries, uterus, vagina) male (testes, ducts, penis)
• What are the 6 essential characteristics of life?

  • organization
  • metabolism
  • responsiveness
  • growth
  • development
  • reproduction
• Organization- refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism
• Metabolism- the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movements, and reproduction
• Responsiveness- the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life
• Growth- refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
• Development- includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, from birth to death
• Reproduction- the formation of new cells or new organism
• Homeostasis- the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life
• Negative feedback mechanism- regulates most systems of the body; occurs when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
• Positive feedback mechanism- occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
• Anatomical position- refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
• Directional terms- always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body's actual position
• Right- toward the body's right side
• Left- toward the body's left side
• Inferior (Caudal)- Downward. Away from the heard end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
• Superior (cranial or cephalad)- Upward. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; Above
• Anterior- toward the front of the body
• Posterior- toward the back of the body
• Dorsal- toward the back (similar with posterior)