CH1 HUMAN ORGANISM

• Anatomy


  The investigation of body structure
• Physiology


  The investigation of the processes and functions of the human body
• Types of Physiology


  • Human Physiology
  • Systemic Physiology
  • Cellular Physiology
• Importance of Anatomy & Physiology

  • Understands how the body responds to stimuli, environmental changes, environmental cues, disease & injury
• Types of Anatomy


  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Surface Anatomy
  • Regional Anatomy
  • Anatomical Imaging
• Systemic Anatomy


  Studies body-organ systems
• Surface Anatomy


  Studies external features of the body, such as bone projections, that can be studied by sight
• Regional Anatomy


  Studies body regions or divisions of the body and emphasizes the relations between the different structures in that region
• Anatomical Imaging


  Anatomy using technologies, such as x-ray, MRI and ultrasound
• Levels of Structural & Functional Organization

  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ-System
  • Organism
• Chemical Level


  Smallest level, includes atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
• Cellular Level


  Cells: basic units of life, includes compartments and organelles like mitochondria and nucleus
• Tissue Level


  Group of cells with similar structure & function + extracellular substances they release, includes 4 broad types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
• Organ Level


  Two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s), e.g. stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney
• Organ-System Level


  Group of organs contributing to some function, e.g. digestive system, reproductive system
• Organism Level


  All organ systems working together, includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
• Major Organ Systems of the Body

  • Integumentary System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Urinary System
  • Female Reproductive System
  • Male Reproductive System
• Integumentary System


  • Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and helps produce vitamin D, consists of nails, hair, skin, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
• Skeletal System


  • Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue, consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
• Muscular System


  • Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat, consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
• Nervous System


  • Major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, psychological processes, and intellectual function, consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
• Endocrine System


  • Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions, consists of endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones
• Cardiovascular System


  • Transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body, plays a huge role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature, consists of heart, blood vessels and blood
• Lymphatic System


  • Removes substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract, consists of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes and other lymphatic organs
• Respiratory System


  • Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH, consists of lungs and respiratory passages
• Digestive System


  • Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes, consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and other accessory organs
• Urinary System


  • Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance, consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder and ureters
• Female Reproductive System


  • Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for the newborn, as well as hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors, consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, mammary glands and associated structures
• Male Reproductive System


  • Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors, consists of testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis
• Characteristics of Life


  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
  • Homeostasis
• Organization


  Functional interrelationships between parts
• Metabolism


  Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism, ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes
• Responsiveness


  Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes, includes both internal and external environments
• Growth


  Can increase in size, of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
• Development


  Changes in form and size, changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized (differentiation)
• Reproduction


  Formation of new cells or new organisms, generation of new individuals, tissue repair
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
• Examples of Variables


  • Body temperature
  • Heart rate
  • Blood pressure
  • Blood glucose levels
  • Blood cell counts
  • Respiratory rate