TFN

• Florence Nightingale's most cited work

  Notes on Nursing: What It is and What it is not? (1860)
• Nursing is therapeutic because it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care

  This is Peplau's view
• Theory of Goal Attainment

  Made popular by Imogene King
• 14 fundamental needs of man according to Virginia Henderson

  • Avoiding dangers in the environment and avoiding injuring others
  • Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions
  • Worshipping according to one's faith
  • Working in a such way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
  • Playing or participating in various forms of recreation
• Person as an irreducible whole, the whole being greater than the sum of its parts

  Concept popularised by Rogers
• Patient has three interacting systems according to King


  Individuals<|>Groups<|>Social system
• Neuman's system model involves 2 major components


  • Stress
  • Adaptation to stress
• Adaptive modes conceptualised by Roy


  • Physical
  • Role-function
  • Interdependence
  • Safety and security
• Carative elements associated with nursing's transpersonal caring

  • Altruism
  • Faith and hope
  • Trust
  • Commitment
• Florence Nightingale


  First nurse scientist-theorist<|>"Notes on Nursing: What It is and What it is not?" (1860)<|>Focused on the physical environment - ventilation, warmth, noise, light and cleanliness<|>Health is positive, pathology is negative<|>Formal education is needed in the preparation of a nurse<|>Assist client to stay in balance; to decrease unnecessary energy expenditures<|>Manipulate the environment to compensate for client's response to it
• Virginia Henderson


  Nursing is assisting the individual, sick or well in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge
• Martha Rogers


  Nursing is a HUMANISTIC SCIENCE<|>5 assumptions about human beings: 1) Man is a unified whole, 2) Individual and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy, 3) Life cycle evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along space-time continuum, 4) Life patterns identify individuals, 5) Humans have the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion
• Dorothea Orem


  Man is an integrated whole, a unity of functioning biologically, symbolically and socially<|>Man is self-reliant and is responsible for self-care and the well-being of his/her dependents<|>Self-care is requisite for all
• Callista Roy's Adaptation Model

  Goal of Nursing: promote the person's adaptation along the four adaptive modes - Physiologic mode, Self-concept mode, Role-function mode, Interdependence mode<|>Types of stimuli: Focal, Contextual, Residual
• Imogene King's Goal Attainment Theory

  Nursing is the process of human interactions between the nurse and the client each person perceives the other and the situation and explores the means to achieve them<|>Human beings are open systems in constant interaction with their environment<|>Nursing focus: human beings interacting with the environment<|>Nursing goals: health maintenance of individuals and groups
• Betty Neuman's Healthcare System Model


  Based on two components: Stress and Reactions to stress<|>Client: individual, group or community<|>Open system in interaction with the environment
• Nursing


  The process of human interactions between the nurse and the client, each person perceives the other and the situation and explores the means to achieve them
• Human beings


  • Open systems in constant interaction with their environment
• Transcultural Nursing is a global-term associated to Leininger
• Health as an expanding consciousness

  Theory of Newman
• Nursing focus is on human beings interacting with the environment
• Wiedenbach's Philosophy


  1. Reverence for life

  2. Respect for the dignity, worth, autonomy and individuality of each human being

  3. Resolution to act on personally and professionally held beliefs
• Nursing goals are health maintenance of individuals and groups
• Wiedenbach's Purpose


  Nurses' purpose is that which the nurse wants to accomplish through what she does, it is all of the activities directed towards the overall good of the patient
• Interpersonal system


  Interaction, communication, transaction, role, stress
• Wiedenbach's Practice


  Practices are those observable nursing actions that are affected by beliefs and feelings about meeting the patient's need for help
• Stress


  Reactions to stress
• Client


  Individual, group or community, open system in interaction with the environment
• Wiedenbach's Art


  Understanding patients' needs and concerns, developing goals and actions intended to enhance patients ability and directing the activities related to the medical plan to improve the patients' condition, focusing on prevention of complications related to reoccurrence or development of new concerns
• Four concepts


  • Client
  • Environment
  • Health
  • Nursing
• Stressors


  Can be extrapersonal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, has potential to alter system stability
• The Human to Human Relationship Model begins with the original encounter and then progresses through stages of emerging identities, developing feelings of empathy, and later feelings of sympathy
• Reconstitution


  Process by which a person progresses from their normal line of defense to a higher or lower state of wellness
• Wellness


  Occurs after adaptation to stressors
• Faye Abdellah's 21 Nursing Problems

  • Overt - apparent conditions
  • Covert - hidden conditions
• Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Theory


  Culturally competent nursing care focused on differences and similarities among cultures with respect to caring, health and illness, based on the client's cultural values, beliefs and practices<|>The nurse must avoid projecting into the client his/her own cultural uniqueness and world view<|>It discovers human care similarities (UNIVERSALITY) and differences (DIVERSITY) in relation to worldview, social structure and other dimensions
• Three levels of prevention

  • Primary prevention
  • Secondary prevention
  • Tertiary prevention
• Primary prevention


  • Quit smoking
  • Avoid/limit alcohol intake
  • Exercise regularly
  • Eat well-balanced diet
  • Reduce fat and increase fiber in the diet
  • Take adequate fluids
  • Avoid over exposure to sunlight
  • Maintain ideal body weight
  • Complete immunization program
  • Wear hazard devices in work sites
• Newman's Health as an Expanding Consciousness Theory


  Health encompasses conditions known as disease<|>Disease can be considered a manifestation of the underlying pattern of the person<|>The pattern of the person that manifests itself as disease is primary<|>Health is the expansion of consciousness<|>The theory asserts that every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of expanding consciousness<|>A process of becoming more of oneself, of finding greater meaning in life, and of reaching new dimensions of connectedness with other people and the world
• Secondary prevention


  • Have annual physical examinations
  • Regular Pap's smear or test for women
  • Sputum examination for tuberculosis
  • Annual stool test and rectal examination for clients over age 50 years