Si nurse

• Nursing is core part in health service delivery system in which health promotion, disease prevention; curative and rehabilitative health strategies are applied
• Clinical nursing skills


  Skills that are paramount important for nurses not only to provide comprehensive care but also enhance clinical competence
• The purpose of preparing this lecture note is to equip nurses with basic clinical nursing skills, which will enable them to dispatch their responsibility as well as to develop uniformity among Ethiopian Professional Nurse Training Higher Institutions
• The lecture note series is designed to have two parts: part-I is composed of most basic clinical skills, where as part two will be covering most advances clinical skills as well as fundamental concepts related to the skills
• No nursing service can be provided with out basic clinical nursing skills
• For nurse to provide health service at different settings; hospital, health center, health post and at the community level including home based care for chronically sick patients, the course is very essential
• It is also hoped that other primary and middle level health professional training institution will utilize the lecture notes to rational exercise the professional skills
• The lecture note is organized in logical manner that students can learn from simpler to the complex
• It is divided in to units and chapters
• Important abbreviations and key terminologies have been included in order to facilitate teaching learning processes
• Learning objectives are clearly stated to indicate the required outcomes
• Glossary is prepared at the end to give explanation for terminologies indicated as learning stimulants at beginning of each chapter following the learning objectives
• Trial is made to give some scientific explanation for procedure and some relevant study questions are prepared to each chapter to aid students understand of the subject
• To enhance systematic approach in conducting nursing care the nursing process is also indicated for most procedures
• Nursing


  Assisting the individual, sick or well in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (to peaceful death) that he will perform unaided, if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible
• Nursing


  The art and science that involves working with individual, families, and communities to promote wellness of body, mind, and spirit
• Nursing has a history as long as that of human kind
• Early images of nursing

  • The folk image (the nurse as mother)
  • The religious image (the nurse as God's worker)
  • The renaissance image (the nurse as servant)
• The folk image of nursing

  • The nurse was generally a member of the family or the community who demonstrated a special skill in caring for others
  • Nursing was seen largely as a feminine role - an extension of mothering
• The religious image of nursing


  • Nursing was carried out by various orders of monks and nuns
  • With the Reformation, Protestant religious groups also provided nursing care, with women joining for limited periods as deaconesses
• The renaissance image of nursing


  • Care of the ill was delegated to servants and those unable to find any other means of support
  • Hospitals were plagued by pestilence and filled with death, and those who worked in them were seen as corrupt and unsavory
• Florence Nightingale changed the course of nursing in the 19th century
• Nursing Process


  A tool or method for organizing and delivering care or a deliberate intellectual activity where by the practice of nursing is approached in an orderly systematic manner. It is a systematic problem solving approach to client care. It is a series of planned steps and actions directed toward meeting the need and solving problems of people and their significant others
• Purpose of Nursing Process

  • To identify clients health care needs
  • To establish nursing care plan so as to meet those needs
  • To complete the nursing intervention designed to meet the needs
  • To provide individualized care
• Assessment


  The systematic collection of data to determine the patient's health status and to identify any actual or potential health problems
• Sources of information about the client

  • The client
  • The family
  • Health professionals
  • Previous client records
  • Significant others
• Objective data


  All the measurable and observable pieces of information about the client and his or her overall state of health
• Subjective data


  The client's opinions, feelings about what is happening
• Methods of data collection

  • Observation
  • Health interview
  • Physical examination
• Nursing Diagnosis


  Actual or potential health problems that can be managed by independent nursing interventions
• Purposes of the Nursing Diagnosis

  • Identifies nursing priorities
  • Directs nursing interventions to meet the client's high priority needs
  • Provides a common language and forms a basis for communication and understanding between nursing professionals and health care team
  • Guides the formulation of expected outcomes for quality assurance requirements of third party payer
  • Provides a basis for evaluation to determine if nursing care was beneficial to the client and cost effective
  • Is of help when making staff assignment
• Diagnostic statement


  The client may present with more than one problem. Therefore, the nursing diagnosis may be made up of multiple diagnostic statements. Each diagnostic statement has two or three parts depending on the healthcare facility. The three-part statement consists of the problem, etiology, and signs and symptoms
• Collaborative problems


  Certain physiologic complications that nurse monitor to detect onset or changes in status. Nurses manage collaborative problems using physician-prescribed and nursing prescribed interventions to minimize the complications of the events
• Planning


  Development of goals and a plan of care designed to assist the patient in resolving the diagnosed problems. Setting priorities, establishing expected outcomes, and selecting nursing interventions result in plan of nursing care
• Setting priorities


  Nursing diagnoses are ranked in order of importance. Survival needs or imminent life threatening situations takes the highest priority
• Expected Outcome


  A measurable client behavior that indicates whether the person has achieved the expected benefit of nursing care. It may also be called a goal or objective. An expected outcome has the following characteristics: client oriented, specific, reasonable, measurable
• Nursing Interventions


  • Offering fluids frequently
  • Positioning frequently
  • Teaching deep breathing exercise
  • Monitoring vital signs
  • Administering oxygen
• Implementation


  Actualization of the plan of care through nursing interventions
• Evaluation


  Determination of the patient's responses to the nursing intervention and the extent to which the goals have been achieved
• Characteristics of nursing interventions

  • Client oriented
  • Specific
  • Reasonable
  • Measurable