MODULE 3

• Mitochondrion


  Organelle responsible for energy production and is commonly referred to as powerhouse of the cell
• Nucleus


  Organelle that directs all the cellular activities and is commonly called as the brain of the cell
• Lysosomes


  Small sacs which contain the digestive enzymes used by the cell to self-destruct, also called as the suicide-bag of the cell
• Cytoplasm


  Serves as the matrix that anchors all organelles inside the cell
• Chloroplast


  Special type of organelle common among photosynthetic organisms like plants which is responsible for food making
• DNA


  Biological molecule inside the cell's nucleus that functions in building and defining the body structure and function of all organisms
• Nucleotide


  Units that DNA is made up of, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group
• Purines


  Type of nitrogenous bases that include adenine (A) and guanine (G)
• Pyrimidines


  Type of nitrogenous bases that include cytosine (C) and thymine (T)
• Deoxyribose


  Pentose sugar that is part of the backbone of DNA
• Double helix


  Shape of the DNA molecule described by Watson and Crick, with two strands that complement each other
• • Adenine - red
  • Guanine - yellow
  • Cytosine - blue
  • Thymine - green
• Complementary base pairs


  Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine
• The DNA Origami model is a twisted ladder-like structure
• Main function of DNA

  Directs many biological and physical functions in the body of organisms, including body structures, functions, growth, development, and survival
• James Watson and Francis Crick constructed the first model of the DNA
• DNA shape

  Double helix
• Components of a single nucleotide

  • Nitrogenous base
  • Pentose sugar
  • Phosphate group
• Unit of DNA

  Nucleotide
• Two general types of nitrogen bases

  • Purines (Adenine, Guanine)
  • Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine)
• Complementary base pair chains

  • CGG – ATC – TAC – CGT
  • TTA – CGC – ACT – TTC
  • ATG – CCA – TTA – GCG
• Phosphate group


  Part of DNA molecule
• Deoxyribose sugar


  Part of DNA molecule
• Ideas about DNA molecule

  • DNA is double stranded with helical form
  • DNA has Thymine that pairs with Cytosine
• Backbone of DNA structure

  Phosphate and sugar
• If there are 20 Guanine in the DNA strand

  There will be 20 Adenine bases
• Chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing the genes of organisms
• Gene is a segment of DNA molecule that codes for a specific trait of an organism
• Homozygous white flowered plant


  WW
• Homozygous red flowered plant


  RR
• Heterozygous pink flowered plant

  RW
• Purple rose flowers


  RB
• Genotype for black chickens

  BB
• Genotype for white chickens

  WW
• Genotype for erminette chickens

  BW
• Alleles for ABO blood group

  IA, IB, i
• IA and IB act as dominant over the i allele, and IA and IB are codominant to each other
• People with blood type AB can receive any of the four blood types, making it the universal recipient
• People with blood type O can only receive type O but can donate blood to all blood types, making it the universal donor
• Solve genetics problems on multiple alleles using a Punnett square

  Identify the resulting phenotypes