BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION 1

• Baking


  A method by which food is cooked through dry heat in an enclosed equipment called an oven
• Baking


  • It was linked with bread making in the early days
• Early baking process

  1. Discovery of wild edible grains

  2. Cultivation of grains

  3. Grinding grains between stones to produce flour

  4. Mixing flour and water to make dough

  5. Spreading dough on heated stones to produce flat, hard bread
• Swiss Lake dwellers introduced the baking method


  8,000 years ago
• Leavened bread


  Bread made from dough that has been allowed to rise, typically using yeast
• Leavened bread was first produced by a Royal Egyptian household


  3,000 B.C.
• Yeast


  Microscopic organisms responsible for the formation of air bubbles in dough, causing it to rise
• Milling process

  1. Pounding grains with a round stone

  2. Using a mortar and pestle-like structure

  3. Using an hourglass device with two stones moving against each other
• Greeks introduced the hourglass device


  600 B.C.
• Romans used the hourglass device, utilizing wind and water power


  100 B.C.
• Public bakeries

  Established by free men in Greece between 300-200 B.C.
• The quality of bread in ancient times was almost the same as today's bread
• Baking became a forgotten occupation during the Dark Ages when the Huns invaded Northern Europe
• Baking became an honorable profession again after the Crusaders drove the Moslems back to Asia and commerce began to flourish
• Grain


  Poured and ground into powder by two stones moving against each other
• Power to move the stones

  • Provided by animals and man
• Hourglass

  Used by Romans in 100 B.C. to measure time, moved by wind and water
• Baking


  1. Became a major household activity to supply bread

  2. Turned into a trade when free men in Greece began establishing public bakeries

  3. Absorbed by the Romans when they conquered Greece
• Flour used then

  Almost like our flour today, and the quality of bread was almost the same to that of bread today
• Baking

  1. Became a forgotten occupation when the Huns invaded Northern Europe, marking the onset of the Dark Ages

  2. Later the Crusaders were able to drive the Moslems back to Asia, and commerce began to flourish again

  3. Farmers were encouraged to cultivate grains and baking became an honorable profession, with Baker's Guilds recognized
• Baking industry


  1. Introduced to America by the Jamestown Colonists

  2. Commercial Bakers were already in operation as early as 1600s

  3. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the facilities and baked products saw a bigger improvement and more efficient ovens were built

  4. Different products like breads, cakes, pies, biscuits, cookies and crackers became commercially available

  5. The import and export of wheat encouraged the growth of the industry
• Wheat cultivation in the Philippines

  1. Particularly in the provinces of Batangas, Laguna, Cavite and Cagayan as early as the seventeenth century for the purpose of producing eucharistic breads during Spanish Period

  2. When Americans invaded the Philippines, the importation of wheat flour in the United States began and flour mills were established in the late fifties, and importations of flour shifted to wheat grains
• Development of baking in the Philippines

  1. Began to flourish in the 1960s as trade started in this period

  2. The Wheat Associates established its office here in 1962 mainly to disseminate information on baking and to help the Filipinos develop their skills in the trading industry

  3. There were eight flour mills to supply the demand for flour across the country as bread continues to be a major food on the Filipinos table
• Relevance of the course


  • Helps determine the necessary knowledge and skills to achieve different learning outcomes to become skilled in the chosen specialization
• Career opportunities

  • Employment as a Master Baker or Pastry Chef
  • Entrepreneurship by putting up own bakery or bakeshop
• The leavening process was scientifically studied in the seventeenth century through a microscope and identified the yeast cells to be responsible for the formation of air bubbles in the dough causing it to rise
• Baking is a method by which food is cooked through dry heat method in an enclosed equipment called an oven
• The mixture of water and flour are the ingredients in making dough
• The purpose of the cultivation of flour in the Philippines during the Spanish Era was to produce eucharistic breads
• There are eight flour mills across the country that supplied the demands of the Filipino people