MODULE 4

• Carbon


  One of the most abundant elements not only on earth, but also in the universe. It is a versatile and flexible element that almost 10 million different carbon compounds exist. Without carbon, life is impossible because it is the main element in organic compounds that make up living things.
• Lessons in this module

  • Lesson 1 - Carbon as a Special and Unique Element
  • Lesson 2 - Organic and Inorganic Compounds
  • Lesson 3 - Uses of Organic Compounds
  • Lesson 4 - Properties of Organic Compounds
• Learning objectives


  • Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the type of bonds it forms
  • Discuss why carbon is a unique atom (valence electron, bond length, strength, multiple bond formation, etc.)
  • Differentiate organic from inorganic compounds (from its chemical formula, uses, and properties)
  • Determine the different uses of organic compounds and cite examples of each organic compound
  • Find the properties of common organic compounds through experimentation
• Organic products that can be used to disinfect hands

  • Acetone
  • Isopropyl Alcohol
• Organic compounds


  Compounds that contain a carbon atom together with a hydrogen or an oxygen atom
• Tetravalent


  Carbon can make four covalent bonds
• Catenation


  The linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains, which occurs mostly in carbon atoms
• Ability of carbon in making bonds

  • Carbon atoms can share a single electron, two electrons (double bond), or three electrons (triple bond) with other atoms
• Isomers


  Two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and properties
• Carbon's different forms

  • Diamond, graphite, and fullerenes are the three primary allotropes of carbon
• Butane is used as a fuel for cigarette lighters and torches
• Isobutane is used as a refrigerant and a propellant in spray cans
• Butane and isobutane have the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms


  But they have different structures (straight chain vs branched chain)
• Butane and isobutane are isomers
• Triple bond


  The bond formed when a given atom is ready to share three electrons
• Tetravalent element


  The element which has 4 valence electrons
• Catenation


  The linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains
• Allotropy


  The property of carbon to exist in two or more different forms
• Covalent bond


  The bond that holds carbon atoms together to form long and branched chains
• The maximum number of bonds a carbon atom can hold is 4
• Use of facts and quantity of information is good but not consistent
• Use of facts and quantity of information is present but limited
• Use of facts and quantity of information is limited
• Graphics


  • Very clear and go well with the text and there is a good mix of text and graphics
  • Very clear and go well with the text, but there are so many that they distract from the text
  • Clear and go well with the text, but there are too few and the information guide seems "text-heavy"
  • Somewhat blurry and do not go with the accompanying text or appear to be randomly chosen
  • No graphics or images presented on the output
• Creativity and Cleanliness


  • The output is neatly presented, with consistent font styles or handwriting and headings
  • The output is neatly presented, but inconsistent font styles or handwriting and headings are seen
  • The output has minimal marks, erasures, or stains. The writings are still readable
  • The output has definite marks, erasures, or stains. The writings are still readable
  • The output has a lot of marks and stains that makes the reader distracted
• Table Salt has carbon atoms
• Vinegar has carbon atoms
• Baking Soda has carbon atoms
• Cooking Oil has carbon atoms
• LPG has carbon atoms
• Organic compound


  Chemical compound that contains carbon-hydrogen bonds
• Inorganic compound


  Chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds
• Table Salt (NaCl) is used as a food seasoning
• Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) are used for the treatment of manic-depressive disorders
• Papers are made up of Cellulose C6H10O5
• Octane (C₈ H₁ ₈ ) is used as a fuel for vehicles and machines
• The air expelled when we breath out is Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Organic Compounds

  • Acetone
  • Betadine
  • Cooking Oil
  • Isopropyl Alcohol
  • Baygon (Propoxur)
  • Kerosene
  • Vinegar
  • Ethanol
  • Motor Oil
  • Mothballs
• Uses of Organic Compounds

  • Beverage
  • Food
  • Antiseptic
  • Fuel
  • Cleaner
  • Insecticide
• Acetone is a good cleaning product for nail polish