MODULE 5

• Organic compounds are compounds that contain the element carbon
• The wide variety of carbon compounds made it more convenient to classify them according to their similarities in structure and properties
• Molecular formula


  Gives the total number of atoms for each element in a compound
• Empirical formula


  Gives the simple whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound
• Expanded structural formula


  Shows all the atoms and bonds present in a molecule
• Condensed structural formula


  Shows all the atoms but the bonds are not written
• Types of hydrocarbons

  • Alkanes (saturated)
  • Alkenes (unsaturated)
  • Alkynes (unsaturated)
• Alkanes


  • Have single bonds between carbon atoms
• Alkenes


  • Have double bonds between carbon atoms
• Alkynes


  • Have triple bonds between carbon atoms
• Prefixes used in naming hydrocarbons

  • meth-
  • eth-
  • prop-
  • but-
  • pent-
  • hex-
  • hept-
  • oct-
  • non-
  • dec-
• Naming suffixes for hydrocarbons

  • -ane (alkanes)
  • -ene (alkenes)
  • -yne (alkynes)
• Common functional groups

  • Alkyl halide (R-X)
  • Alcohol (-OH)
  • Ether (-O-)
  • Amine (R-NH2)
  • Aldehyde (-CHO)
  • Ketone (-CO-)
  • Carboxylic acid (-COOH)
  • Ester (-COO-)
• Functional groups


  Chemically functional parts of a molecule that contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or halogens
• Common functional groups

  • Alkyl halide (halocarbon)
  • Alcohol
  • Ether
  • Amine
  • Aldehyde
  • Ketone
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Ester
  • Amide
• Alkyl group


  Formed from the alkane chain with one less hydrogen atom, formula CnH2n+1
• Alkyl halides


  • Chloroform
  • Freon
• Alcohols


  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
• Ethers

  • Diethyl ether
• Amines


  • Ethylamine
• Aldehydes

  • Formaldehyde
  • Ethanal
• Ketones

  • Acetone
• Esters


  • Ethyl ethanoate
• Amides


  • Ethanamide
• Alcohol, vitamin C and the compounds that give odor to fruits are examples of organic compounds that contain functional groups
• Boosting your immune system by eating fruits and vegetables is important
• Keeping your hands clean by washing or sanitizing using alcohol is one of the safety protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic