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• There are no two persons who were born to be the same
• Individuality


  Each person is unique
• Factors that can prove uniqueness

  • Odontology (teeth structure)
  • Anthropology (bone structure)
  • DNA profiling
  • Fingerprints
• Sir Francis Galton: 'Let no one despise the ridges on account of their smallness, for they are, in some respects, the most important of all anthropological data. We shall see that they form patterns of considerable size and curious variety in shape, whose boundaries can be firmly outlined, constituting little worlds in themselves.'
• Preliminary to Classification of Prints

  1. Check whether the rolled fingerprint impressions were affixed in their proper place in the fingerprint chart using the plain impression as the guide

  2. Blocking the fingerprint - writing below each pattern the corresponding symbols of the fingerprints in the space provided for each pattern
• Classification


  The sorting of things into divisions or groups so that they can later be quickly located. In fingerprinting, classification is the arrangement of fingerprint records into groups and subgroups for filing purposes.
• Steps in Classification


  1. Recording - taking of fingerprint impressions, either rolled or plain impression

  2. Interpretation - naming or interpreting of a fingerprint pattern

  3. Blocking - designating by symbol the type of patterns which each finger and thumb bears and recording for each respective finger and thumb

  4. Classification - classification proper this time you need a complete set of 10 fingerprint patterns to obtain the necessary classification
• Symbols for the Blocking

  • Plain Arch (A)
  • Tented Arch (T)
  • Ulnar Loop (U)
  • Radial Loop (R)
  • Plain Whorl (W)
  • Central Pocket Loop (C)
  • Double Loop (D)
  • Accidental Whorl (X)
• Henry Classification Formula


  Primary Classification - the sum of all the numerical values assigned to whorl appearing in the fingerprint card expressed as numerator and denominator plus (=) the pre-established fraction of 1/1 to complete the primary division<|>Secondary Classification - represents the types of patterns that appear on both index fingers<|>Sub-Secondary Classification - the ridge count or ridge trace symbols of the patterns on the index, middle, and ring fingers of both hands
• Steps in Primary Classification

  1. Look for the whorl patterns only

  2. Pairing of the ten (10) fingerprint impressions into five (5) groups

  3. Odd fingers (Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) are the denominator and the even fingers (Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) are the numerator

  4. Summation of the numerical values of the whorl type patterns, if any, appearing in fingers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, plus one, is the denominator of the primary. The summation of the values of the whorls, if any, in fingers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, plus one, is the numerator of the primary.
• If there is NO WHORL the primary classification is 1 over 1. If ALL are WHORLS the primary classification is 32 over 32.
• Secondary Classification by Capital-Lettered Group

  Represents the types of patterns that appear on both index fingers
• Secondary Classification by Small-Lettered Group

  Prints with an arch, tented arch or a radial loop in any of the other eight digits except the index fingers constitute the small-letter group of the secondary classification
• Sub-Secondary Classifications


  The ridge count or ridge trace symbols of the patterns on the index, middle, and ring fingers of both hands<|>Loops are divided into Inner (I) and Outer (O) patterns based on ridge counting<|>Whorls are divided into Inner (I), Meeting (M) and Outer (O) based on ridge tracing
• Ridge Tracing


  1. The process of counting the ridges intervening between the tracing ridge (flows from the left delta to the right delta) and the right delta

  2. Rules in Ridge Tracing: Tracing always begins at the left delta and goes toward the right delta, An uninterrupted ridge can be traced from the left delta to the right delta, When the tracing ridge suddenly ends, the tracing may be continued on the ridge below, When a ridge bifurcates, the tracing is continued on the lower branch or the bifurcation, When the delta is a dot, the tracing begins on the type line, which is the ridge immediately below the delta
• Major Classification


  Created by the ridge counting of loops and the ridge tracing of whorl types of patterns appearing on the right and left thumbs<|>Left thumb is the denominator and the right thumb is the numerator<|>Arches are represented by a dash in the classification line only
• Final Classification


  The ridge count of the loops on the right little finger<|>If the right little finger shows no loop, then the ridge count of the loop on the left little finger is used, in which case the count is placed on the denominator side of the classification line<|>When neither little finger is a loop, the ridge count of the whorl-type pattern on the right little finger is used, and if it is not a whorl, then the whorl-type pattern on the left little finger is taken
• Key Classification


  The ridge count of the first loop in a set of prints, beginning with the right thumb, excluding either of the little fingers<|>If no loop appears on the thumb, index, middle or ring fingers of either hand, there is no key classification
• Delta


  In double loop whorls the ridge count is made from the left delta (right-hand patterns) or from the right delta (left-hand patterns) to the core of the upright loop
• Example


  • If there are 10 ridge counts on the loop of the right little finger, the final classification would be 10
• Key classification


  The ridge count of the first loop in a set of prints, beginning with the right thumb, excluding either of the little fingers
• If no loop appears on the thumb, index, middle or ring fingers of either hand, there is no key classification
• The key is placed at the extreme left end of the classification line
• The key is always shown in the numerator side, no matter whether it is obtained from a right or a left-hand finger
• Example


  • The ridge count of the first loop starting from the right thumb is the key classification. In this case, right thumb has loop which has ridge count of 22
• Classification of Amputations and Fingers Missing at Birth

  1. If one finger of one hand is amputated or missing, the classification is the same as that of the corresponding digit of the other hand

  2. If both hands have the same finger missing or amputated, both digits are classified as Meet Whorls

  3. If all fingers of both hands are missing or amputated, they are all classified as Meet Whorls

  4. If all 10 fingers and thumbs are amputated or missing at birth, the classification will be FPC M 32 W MMM M 32 W MMM

  5. If both hands amputated or missing at birth, the footprints should be taken as they, too, bear friction ridges with definite patterns
• Example


  • Finger 8 is amputated. It is treated as WHORL with Inner tracing, the same with that of finger 3. For the primary classification the value is 2
• NCIC Classification System


  The NCIC method of fingerprint classification is utilized in many ways by the criminal justice system to better establish the identity of an individual
• When a wanted person's fingerprint classification is available, the NCIC FPC should always be included in the wanted person's record for entry into the TIME System Warrant/Wanted Persons File
• The NCIC fingerprint classification can be of assistance in eliminating a person as a suspected wanted person, or a suspect in a criminal investigation
• The NCIC FPC formula is printed in a straight line of 20 alphabetic and numeric characters, beginning with the right thumb as the number 1, and continuing through the number 10 with the left thumb being number 6
• Henry Classifications


  • FPC 24 L 1 R OOO 17 L 1 R OOO
• NCIC CLASSIFICATION


  • 24633121171866636870
• Crime Scene Investigation


  A forensic analysis of the location and circumstances surrounding a crime. It comprises gathering investigative, forensic, and physical evidence to link a sequence of events to reconstruct the crime scene
• Crime Scene


  The location where a crime took place
• Items in a Crime Scene Kit

  • Ink roller
  • Ink slab
  • Fingerprint Cardholder
  • Fingerprint ink
  • Magnifying glass
  • Fingerprint powder
  • Fingerprint brushes
  • Fingerprint lifting tapes
  • Latent prints transfer cards
  • Fingerprint card
  • Flashlight
  • Roller tape measure
  • Pair of forceps
  • Graph paper
  • Evidence identification tape or tag
  • Pair of Scissors
  • Rubber gloves
  • Post-mortem fingerprinting equipment
  • Carrying case
  • Inkless inking device
  • Ridge counter
• Areas to focus on at the crime scene

  • Point of entry (POE)
  • Point of exit
  • Areas of disturbance or items described by the victim or witness as out of place or moved
  • Area where the crime took place if known
  • Ancillary areas such as bathrooms and kitchens
  • The path the perpetrator may have taken through the scene (from the POE to disturbed areas to the point of exit)
• Processing a Crime Scene

  1. Visual examination of the surface is the first step

  2. Oblique lighting can be used to visualize fingerprints

  3. Fingerprints are photographed in situ (in place)

  4. When all visible fingerprints are recorded, the surface is processed for fingerprints using the appropriate processing technique
• Ink roller


  An instrument used for spreading the ink into the slab
• Ink slab


  A piece of metal or a plane glass with as much as ¼ inch thick and 6 or more inches long where the fingerprint ink is distributed for fingerprinting