ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

• Ana and tomy means what in anatomy

  Apart and to cut
• The scientific discipline that

  investigates the STRUCTURE of the

  body

  Anatomy
• Evaluates the body by defined system

  Systemic Anatomy
• the study of anatomy based on regions or areas

  Regional Anatomy
• the study of external features

  Surface Anatomy
• involves the use

  of X-Ray, MRI, Ultrasound, etc. to visualize the structure of the body and its organs

  Anatomical Imaging
• The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or FUNCTIONS of

  living things

  physiology
• The 2 Major Goals of Physiology

  1. To understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli
  2. To understand how the body part works
• • simplest level of the structural ladder
  • includes atoms and molecules
  • Ex: Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA) & Glucose

  Chemical level
• • basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemical. Ex: Muscle Cell, Nerve Cell,Epithelial Cell

  cellular level
• study of the microscopic appearance of cell

  cytology
• group of cell that perform the same function

  tissue level
• study of tissues

  histology
• 4 TYPES OF TISSUE

  Epithelial Tissue

  Connective Tissue

  Muscle Tissue

  Nervous Tissue
• covers body surface; lines hollow organs and cavities and forms glands.

  Epithelial tissue
• connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissue

  Connective Tissue
• contracts to make body part move and generates heat

  Muscle tissue
• carries information through nerve impulses

  Nervous Tissue
• • composed of two or more tissues that perform the same function
  • Ex: Stomach, Heart, Brain, Skin, Bones, Lungs

  organ level
• movement of gastrointestinal organs

  peristalsis
• • consists of related organs with a common function
  • Ex: Digestive System- breaks down and absorbs food
  • mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

  system level
• any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as bacterium, or of trillion of cells, such as human.

  organism level
• • generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities
  • detecs changes in body's internal and external environments, interpret changes and respond.

  nervous system
• • heart pumps blood through vessels
  • blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes
  • leps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluid

  cardiovascular system
• • achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
  • absorb nutrients
  • eliminates solid wastes

  digestive system
• • transferred oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
  • air flowing out of lungs through vocal vocal cords produces sound.

  respiratory system
• • gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocyte) that unitebto form a new organism
  • gonads also releases hormonenthat regulate reproduction and other body processes
  • transport and store gametes

  reproductive system
• • produce, store and eliminate wastes
  • eliminate wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
  • maintain body's mineral balance
  • helps regulate production of red blood cells
  • ERYTHROPOIETIN

  urinary system
• • returns proteins and fluid to blood
  • carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
  • contains sites of maturation and poliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

  lymphatic system
• • supports and protects body
  • provides surface area for muscle attachment
  • aids body movements
  • houses cells that produce blood cells (flat bones)
  • store minerals and lipids (fats) (long bones)

  skeletal system
• • participates in body movements
  • maintain posture
  • produce heat

  muscular system
• • protects body
  • regulate body temperature
  • eliminates some wastes
  • helps make vitamin D
  • detects sensation such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
  • store fat and provides insulation

  integumentary system
• regulates body system by

  releasing hormones

  endocrine system
• ability to use energy

  metabolism
• Two Phases of Metabolism

  catabolism

  anabolism
• breakdown of

  complex; produce energy

  catabolism
• CATABOLISM (catabol=?

  throwing down
• CATABOLISM -ism=?

  a condition
• ANABOLISM (anabol=?

  raising up
• building up smaller to

  complex; uses energy

  anabolism