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• Gas


  State of matter that has particles that are freely moving and are far from each other, which makes them highly compressible
• Measurable properties of gas


  • Volume
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Amount of gas or number of moles
• Volume


  The space occupied by a gas sample, denoted by the symbol V, with SI unit liters (L)
• Pressure


  The force exerted by the gas per unit area, denoted by the symbol P, with SI unit pascal (Pa)
• Temperature


  The degree of hotness or coldness, denoted by the symbol T, expressed in Fahrenheit (°F), Celsius (°C), and Kelvin (K)
• To convert Celsius to Kelvin, the equation is K= C + 273
• Boyle's Law


  Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
• Charles' Law


  Relationship between temperature and volume of a gas
• Gay-Lussac's Law


  Relationship between pressure and temperature of a gas
• Combined Gas Law


  Relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas
• Biomolecules


  Molecules produced by living organisms
• Types of biomolecules


  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
• Carbohydrates


  Most common biomolecule, primary energy source of our body, with formula (CH₂ O)n where n is the number of molecules, with building blocks of monosaccharides
• Classifications of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Disaccharides


  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Glucose + Fructose
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
• Starch


  Used for energy storage in plants, provides a quick form of energy for the body
• Glycogen


  Used for energy storage in animals, stored in the liver and muscles when the body doesn't need glucose for energy
• Cellulose


  Found in plants, in cell walls and bark of trees, gives us fiber
• Chitin


  Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans
• Iodine test


  Test used to determine the presence of starch, positive result is a color change ranging from violet to black, negative result is the yellow color of the iodine solution
• Benedict's test


  Test used for simple carbohydrates, color changes indicate different percentages of sugar present
• Proteins


  Body-building molecules which help us grow, transport molecules in and out of the cell, control the speed of chemical reactions, used for growth and repair, with building blocks of amino acids
• Biuret test


  Chemical test used to determine the presence of a peptide bond (chemical bond between amino acids), positive result is a change from blue to purple
• Nucleic acids


  Biomolecular components of hereditary materials and are present in DNA, with building blocks of nucleotides
• Lipids


  Energy-giving molecules that store more energy than carbohydrates and proteins, with building blocks of fatty acids, provide mechanical protection and waterproof covering, are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water
• Ethanol emulsion test


  Test for presence of lipids, a layer of cloudy white suspension forms above the solution if lipids are present
• Types of electromagnetic waves

  • Radio waves
  • Microwaves
  • Infrared
  • Visible light
  • Ultraviolet
  • X-ray
  • Gamma ray
• Wavelength


  Distance from crest to crest
• Frequency


  Number of wavelengths that pass a given point
• Crest


  Highest point in a wave
• Amplitude


  Distance from the midpoint
• Trough


  Lowest point in a wave
• Electromagnetic waves can travel in vacuum/medium at a speed of 3x 10^8 m/s
• It would take approximately 8 minutes for sunlight to reach Earth
• Hans Christian Oersted


  Accidentally discovered that electricity could produce magnetism
• Charles Augustin de Coulomb


  Developed Coulomb's law, which defined the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion
• Joseph Henry


  First to discover electromagnetic induction
• James Clerk Maxwell


  Described how electric charges and currents act as sources of electric and magnetic fields