Organic Addition/Substitution Reactions

• Mono substitution?

  swap of one molecule with another
• Catalyst of an alkane -> haloalkane reaction?

  UV Light
• All types of substitution reactions?

  Alkane -> Haloalkane

  Haloalkane -> Alcohol

  Haloalkane -> Amine
• Addition Reactions Niches?

  • Must have double bonds on carbons (alkenes)
  • Has no by-products
• Types of addition reactions?

  Alkene -> Haloalkane

  Indirect Oxidation of Primary Alcohols -> Aldehyde -> Carboxylic Acid

  Direct Oxidation of Primary Alcohols -> Carboxylic Acid (Need Reflux)

  Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols -> Ketone

  Primary Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid -> Ester + Water

  Amine + Carboxylic acid -> Secondary Amine + Water

  Ammonia + Carboxylic acid -> Primary Amine + Water
• Condensation reactions?

  Requires a LIQUID catalyst (AS NO WATER CAN BE PRESENT)
• Hydrolysis Reaction?

  Requires an Aqueous Catalyst
• Alcohol + Carboxylic acid -> Ester + H2O Catalyst?

  $H_2SO_4\space_{_{(L)}}$
• Ester + H2O-> Alcohol + Carboxylic acid Catalyst?

  $NaOH_{(aq)}$
• Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyst?

  $Cr_2O_7^{^{2-}} \space / \space H^+$
• Oxidation of Primary alcohols ways?

  Indirectly, creating an Aldehyde, then oxidising again to create a carboxylic acid

  OR

  Directly, through harsh conditions (reflux boiling) straight to a carboxylic acid
• Transesterification Reaction?

  Type of Reaction: Addition

  Triglyceride + Alcohol --> Glycerol + Fatty acid esters (biodiesel)