CHAP 03 FROM REVIEWER NI ALHAIDER

• First Catholic Mass in the Philippines took place

  March 31, 1521
• The National Historical Institute (NHI) concluded that the first mass was celebrated in Limasawa, Southern Leyte
• Antonio Pigafetta

  An Italian scholar and explorer who joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by Ferdinand Magellan
• First Voyage Around the World


  Pigafetta wrote this primarily because he wanted to discover and learn more about the world
• Pigafetta's book "First Voyage Around the World" is the primary source NHI used in concluding the location of the first Mass
• Pigafetta's book contains his firsthand observations and experiences including details about the events in the Philippines
• Timeline of the expedition

  1. March 16, 1521: Expedition sighted Zamal, 300 leagues west of Ladrones Island

  2. March 17, 1521: Landed on Humunu, an uninhabited island abundant in gold

  3. March 25, 1521: Departed Humunu, sailed between Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Albarien (the four islands) toward Leyte

  4. March 28, 1521: Saw a small boat called the boloto [baroto] and a balanghai— a large boat. Arrived at Mazaua

  5. April 4, 1521: Departed Mazaua for Cebu, passing Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, and Gatighan islands

  6. April 7, 1521: Entered the harbor of Cebu after a journey through the Camotes Islands
• Fr. Pedro de Valderrama


  The one who conducted the first Mass
• Raja Siaui and Raja Colambo


  The two chieftains that Magellan invited to attend the first Mass
• Ferdinand Magellan


  The captain-general of the expedition
• Ferdinand Magellan fell overboard but was saved by catching the mainsail's garnet
• Mazaua Island was where the Spanish ship anchored off in the morning of Holy Thursday, March 27, 1521
• Formal Meeting with the King (Holy Friday)


  1. Gifts exchanged between Magellan and the king

  2. Shared meals, cultural ceremonies, and gestures of friendship observed
• Christian rituals and symbols (cross) respected by the local rulers
• Magellan erected a cross on a mountain to symbolize goodwill and future safety for European visitors
• The Catholic believers put a cross in Magallanes, Agusan Del Norte as a marker where the first mass was sited
• Agreement with local kings regarding the significance and protection associated with the cross
• Trade interactions


  Involving gold, spices (ginger), and local artifacts
• Blood Compact


  A traditional ritual in the Philippines involving a symbolic exchange of blood mixed with wine or other beverages, signifying a solemn agreement of friendship or alliance between participants
• The Cavite Mutiny holds great importance in Philippine history as it played a pivotal role in fostering a sense of nationhood among Filipinos and contributed to the subsequent Philippine Revolution in 1896
• Mutiny


  A forcible or passive resistance to lawful authority<|>To revolt against discipline or a superior officer<|>To rise against or refuse to obey or observe authority
• Jose Montero y Vidal


  A prolific Spanish historian who documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines
• Gov-Gen. Rafael Izquierdo


  His official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization
• Dr. T.H. Pardo de Talavera


  Criticized Montero y Vidal for not being objective and accused him of distorting facts to favor the Spanish perspective
• On Jan 20, 1872 at 9:39PM, under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid, 200 native soldiers rose up in arm, assassinated the commander of the fort and wounded his wife
• Domingo Mijares informed the news of the uprising to Gov Rafael Izquierdo
• Events on Jan 21-22, 1872

  On Jan 21, 1872, Felipe Ginoves demanded rendition for the rebels to surrender, w/o ordering assault but failed, so on Jan 22, 1872, Ginoves launched an assault against the revolt
• People arrested

  • Jose Burgos
  • Jacinto Zamora
  • Mariano Gomez
  • Antonio Maria Regidor
  • Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
  • Pedro Carillo
  • Gervasio Sanchez
  • Jose Mauricio de Leon
  • Enriquez Paraiso
  • Jose Basa
  • Pio Basa
  • Crisanto de los Reyes
  • Francisco Saldua
  • Crisanto Reyes
  • Maximo Paterno
• The Council of War passed the death to 41 rebels
• Feb 6, 11 rebels were sentenced to death
• Feb 8, 11 individuals from Guias de la Torre were sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment for killing 2 Spaniards who were tasked to deliver the news of the uprising to Manila
• Feb 5 was the day of execution of the GOMBURZA-SALDUA
• April 3, 1872, the Audiencia suspended from the practice of law those people that had been colored fenk (e.g. Alhaider)
• April 4, 1873, the government as per Isquierdo's request, dissolved the native regiment of artillery and ordered the creation of an artillery force to be composed of Peninsulares
• Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera


  The author of the Filipino version of the Cavite Mutiny
• Filipino Version


  It was a simple mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges
• The severe policies of Governor General Izquierdo, such as the elimination of their privileges of exemption from paying early tribute and performing forced labor, are to blame for the mutiny
• Execution of GOMBURZA-SALDUA

  Feb 5
• Audiencia suspended from the practice of law those who had been colored

  April 3, 1872
• Government dissolved native regiment of artillery and ordered the creation of an artillery force to be composed of Peninsulares


  April 4, 1873