MODULE 1

• First aid


  Immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or injured
• Roles of first aid

  • It is a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician
  • It is not intended to compete with or to take place of the services of the physician
  • It ends when the services of the physician begins
• Objectives of first aid

  • To save lives
  • To prolong life
  • To alleviate suffering
  • To prevent further injury
• Characteristics of a good first aider

  • Gentle - does not cause pain and panic
  • Observant - notices all signs
  • Resourceful - makes the best use of things at hand
  • Tactful - does not frighten the victim
  • Sympathetic - comforts and reassures the victim
• Principles of first aid - Do's

  • Stay calm
  • Reassure and comfort the victim
  • Check for medical bracelet
  • Loosen any tight clothing
  • Keep the victim covered to reduce shock
• Principles of first aid - Don'ts

  • Don't give food and drink to an unconscious person
  • Don't move an injured person unless you need to place him/her in the recovery position
• Steps in assessing emergency situations

  1. Is anyone in danger?

  2. If the victim responds, treat any life-threatening conditions

  3. If there is no response, check the airway, check for breathing, look for signs of circulation

  4. If rescuer is alone, call for ambulance

  5. If the victim is a child or an adult who has suffered from a drowning or accident, proceed directly to CPR
• Other common injuries that need first aid

  • Burn
  • Insect Bite/Sting
  • Splinter
  • Sunburn
  • Nosebleed
  • Sprains, Strains, and Tears
  • Fractures, Cut/Scrapes
• Unintentional injuries refer to injuries that are unplanned and typically preventable when proper safety precautions are followed like first aid
• Primary survey


  A quick way to find out how to treat any life threatening conditions a casualty may have in order of priority
• Secondary assessment


  Used after a primary assessment has been done, where the clinician goes through step by step head-to-toe to figure out what happened
• Drowning, motor vehicle crashes, and falls, are some of the unintentional injuries or accidents
• First aid procedure

  1. Gently shake the shoulders and ask questions

  2. If the victim responds, treat any life-threatening conditions

  3. If there is no response, check the airway, do the "Head Tilt- Chin Lift Method", check for breathing, if not breathing, do rescue breaths

  4. If rescuer is alone, call for ambulance, look for signs of circulation

  5. If the victim is a child or an adult who has suffered from a drowning or accident, proceed directly to CPR, otherwise look for signs of life such as movement and normal skin color
• Common injuries that need first aid

  • Burn
  • Insect Bite/Sting
  • Splinter
  • Sunburn
  • Nosebleed
  • Sprains, Strains, and Tears
  • Fractures, Cut/Scrape and wounds
• Wound


  A break in the continuity of a tissue in the body. It may be closed in which there is no break or damage in the skin. It is also called hematoma or contusions.
• Treating a wound

  1. Rinse the cut or wound with water

  2. Apply pressure with sterile gauze, a bandage, or a clean cloth

  3. If blood soaks through the bandage, place another bandage on top of the first and keep applying pressure

  4. Raise the injured body part to slow bleeding

  5. When bleeding stops, cover the wound with a new, clean bandage
• Wound dressing


  Anything that is used in direct contact with a wound to help it heal and prevent further issues or complications
• Types of bandages

  • Gauze
  • Triangular
  • Elastic
  • Tubular
• Bandages


  • Have three key uses: applying pressure to bleeding wounds, covering wounds and burns, and providing support and immobilization for broken bones, sprains, and strains
• Two phases of bandaging

  1. Open phase: bandaging head topside, face back of the head, chest, back of the chest, hand and foot

  2. Cravat phase: bandaging forehead, eye, ears, cheek, jaw, shoulder, hip, arms and legs
• Unintentional injury is anything that is unplanned or an accident
• Examples of unintentional injuries include drowning, bike accidents, and falling
• The first thing to do in an injury/accident is to do the primary and secondary survey, and then give first aid
• Primary survey


  A quick way to find out how to treat any life-threatening conditions
• Secondary survey


  Goes through step by step head-to-toe to figure out what's wrong with the victim
• The principles of wound dressing are to help reduce infection
• Common injuries happening inside the house include burns, insect bites/stings, splinters, sunburns, nosebleeds, sprains, strains, and tears, and fractures, cuts/scrapes and wounds
• First aid is the immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or is injured
• One objective of first aid is not to prolong life
• To stop severe bleeding, apply direct pressure and elevate the affected area
• Panic can help prevent serious illness and save lives
• In an emergency in Marikina City, call 161, not 911