Organ System

• Saliva


  Saliva contains enzymes like Amylase to break down carbohydrates.
• Digestive System


  • Responsible for the intake of food, processing of food into nutrients, and the absorption of nutrients
• Mouth


  Site for mechanical digestion by tearing and crushing food into smaller pieces; site for initial digestion of carbohydrates by the enzyme amylase
• Salivary glands

  Located in the mouth
• Esophagus

  Serves only as a transport chute to the stomach; no digestion occurs
• Stomach


  Large elastic sack where food is mixed with digestive chemicals; site for digestion of proteins
• Small Intestine


  Absorbs nutrients from the digested food; site for digestion of fats
• Large Intestine


  Reabsorption of fluids and temporary storage of undigested materials
• Circulatory System


  Responsible for the transport of substances throughout the body
• Components of the Blood

  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
• Red Blood Cells


  Small enucleated disk-shaped cells carrying gases throughout the body
• White Blood Cells


  Body defense by actively eliminating harmful invading microorganisms
• Platelets


  Responsible for wound repair by forming blood clots
• Plasma


  Yellow aqueous liquid responsible for circulating dissolved substances
• Arteries


  Blood vessels going out of the heart (exception: pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the heart, toward the lungs)
• Veins


  Blood vessels going into the heart (exception: pulmonary veins carry blood back to the heart, from the lungs)
• Capillaries


  Narrow, netted blood vessels surrounding tissues for nutrient and gas exchange
• Blood Flow

  From the body- inferior vena cava → superior vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → rest of the body
• Blood Types


  Determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens and antibodies in blood
• Blood type combinations determine whether a person of a certain blood type can donate to or receive from another with a certain blood type
• Blood Type Antigens and Antibodies

  • Type A (Antigen A, Antibody B)
  • Type B (Antigen B, Antibody A)
  • Type AB (Antigen A, Antigen B, No Antibodies)
  • Type O lNo Antigen, Antibody A, Antibody B
• Nervous System


  Responsible for control of the organism's bodily functions and responses to stimuli
• Central Nervous System


  Responsible for processing information from stimuli and providing responses; involves the brain and spinal cord
• Brain Parts and Functions

  • Cerebrum (Forebrain) - Higher order functions such as perception, thinking, voluntary movement, and learning
  • Cerebellum (Hindbrain) - Coordinates movement and balance
  • Pons - Center of communication and coordination between two hemispheres of the brain
  • Medulla - Controls involuntary functions
  • Hypothalamus - Maintains body homeostasis
• Spinal Cord


  Conducts impulses and messages from the brain to various parts of the body
• Peripheral Nervous System


  Responsible for detecting stimuli from the different sensory organs; involves the afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerves
• Afferent Neurons


  Carry information to the central point/brain and spinal cord
• Efferent Neurons


  Carry information out of the central brain and out of the peripheral nervous system
• Respiratory System


  Responsible for the exchange of gases
• Respiratory System Components

  • Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Diaphragm
• Nasal Cavity


  Entry point of air; filters air using nose hairs; warms air using blood vessels underneath the cavity lining; houses the smell sensory organ
• Pharynx


  Switches flow between the trachea and the esophagus
• Larynx


  Vibrates when air passes through producing sound; known as voice box
• Trachea


  Passage way of air from the nasal cavity; separates to two bronchi that separates into smaller bronchioles
• Alveoli


  Small sacs at the end of bronchioles where air exchange occurs
• Diaphragm


  Sheet of muscle that inflates the lungs
• Muscular System


  Responsible for the locomotion of the organism
• Muscle Types

  • Skeletal Muscles
  • Smooth Muscles
  • Cardiac Muscles
• Skeletal Muscles


  Attached to bones; moves the bones using muscle pairs that contract and relax; are typically voluntarily controlled
• Smooth Muscles


  Surround internal organs that require movement like the digestive tracts; typically involuntarily controlled