Macronutrients and Micronutrients

• Nutrition

  The sum of all the interaction between an organism and the food it consumes
• Nutrition

  What the person eats and how the body uses it
• Function of nutrition

  • To maintain life by allowing one to grow and be in state of optimum health
• Nutrients

  • Carbohydrate
  • Protein
  • Fat
  • Calorie
• Carbohydrate

  Organic or inorganic substances found in foods that are required for body functioning
• Nutritive value

  The nutrient content of a specified amount of food
• No food provides all essential nutrients
• 6 Essential Nutrients

  • Carbohydrate
  • Protein
  • Fat
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
• Carbohydrate

  Considered as the PRIMARY source of fuel for the brain and the rest of the body
• Carbohydrate

  50% - 70% of total energy requirement
• Carbohydrate

  1 gram CHO= 4 calories upon complete hydrolysis
• Carbohydrate

  Has SUGARS (Composed mainly of SUGARS)
• Carbohydrate

  Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Carbohydrate

  Derived from the Greek word "saccharide" meaning starches and sugars
• Carbohydrate

  Chiefly found in plants and produced by the process of photosynthesis from H2O, CO2 and sun
• Classification of Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides

  Simplest form of sugar
• Glucose

  "physiologic sugar" or "blood sugar", "dextrose", "grape sugar" - principal form used by the body, moderately sweet sugar works for the body's brain, nerve cells, RBC, stores last for only hours, Gluconeogenesis - process where protein is converted to glucose, Ketosis - less available CHO for energy - more fats to be broken down - form ketone bodies, sources: abundant in fruits, sweet corn, corn syrup
• Fructose

  "fruit sugar", sweetest of all sugar, "levulose", sources: ripe fruits and honey
• Galactose

  Not found in nature, not found in free foods, produced from lactose (milk sugar) by digestion and is converted to glucose, Galactosemia - Infants born with an inability to metabolize galactose
• Disaccharides

  Two sugar molecules
• Sucrose

  "cane sugar", "table sugar", "beet sugar", Sucrose = glucose + fructose
• Maltose

  "malt sugar", Derived from the digestion of starch, Maltose = glucose + glucose
• Lactose

  "milk sugar", Least sweet among sugars, Lactose = glucose + galactose, Source: milk and milk products
• Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides

  Contains many monosaccharides linked together
• Starch

  Storage form of carbohydrates in plants, Supply energy for a long period of time, Source: cereal grains, rice, wheat
• Dextrin

  Low-molecular-weight carbohydrate produced from the hydrolysis of starches, Intermediate product of starch digestion plus acid with application of heat of 150-200 C, Starch (dextrin) = maltose + 2 glucose units, Used in many glue products due to its adhesive qualities and safety, The indigestible form of dextrin is often used as a fiber supplement
• Glycogen

  "animal starch", Storage form of CHO in the body found in the liver and muscle, Muscle glycogen supplies energy directly to surrounding tissues during work and exercise, Liver glycogen is converted to glucose to be used in the body through the process called "glycogenolysis", Source: liver, oysters, muscle meat
• Glycogen storage disease

  Metabolic disorder caused by enzyme deficiencies affecting either glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown or glycolysis (glucose breakdown), typically within muscles and/or liver cells, Has two classes of cause: genetic and acquired
• Glycogen storage disease type I

  Most common of the glycogen storage diseases, Genetic disease results from deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, Incidence in the American population of approximately 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 births, Liver Biopsy - confirmatory test
• Fiber

  "Roughage" because they form bulk of the diet, Act as broom in our digestive tract, Indigestible part of food and primary constituent of plant cell wall, Not digested by human due to lack of enzyme that will split or break it, Requirement: 20-35 g/day
• Lack of Carbohydrate

  Underweight and/or rapid weight loss, General weakness, Poor physical performance, Fainting or collapse in severe deficiency, Hypoglycemia in acute carbohydrate deficiency
• Excessive Carbohydrate

  Dental caries, Obesity/overweight, Diabetes mellitus, Gas formation
• Protein

  Has amino acids which serve as the building units of the body tissues
• Protein

  Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• Protein

  Normal osmotic relations in body fluids (albumin)
• Protein

  10%-15% of total energy needs is supplied by CHON, 1 gram CHON= 4 calories upon complete hydrolysis
• Types of Proteins

  • Simple proteins
  • According to Essentiality
• Simple Proteins

  Albumins - soluble in water, coagulated by heat, Globulins - insoluble in water, soluble in salt solution, coagulated by heat
• According to Essentiality

  • Essential Amino Acid (EAA) or Indispensable Amino Acid
  • Semi-Essential Amino Acid or Semi-Indispensable Amino Acid
  • Non-Essential Amino Acid (NEAA)