1st Quarter

• Rheological - The liquid state of rocks under tremendous pressure and temperature.
• 2 Categories of Differentiating Layers of the Earth.

  1. Rheological
  2. Chemically
• Rheological.

  • Lithosphere
  • Asthenosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core
• Chemically - The composition of the rocks.
• Chemically.

  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core
• Lithosphere - The solid outer part of the Earth. Broken into smaller pieces called Tectonic Plates.
• Tectonic - The movement of the Lithosphere.
• Plate Boundaries - The edges that separate the tectonic plates from one another.
• Classifications of Lithosphere/Tectonic Plates.

  • Oceanic Lithosphere/Crust
  • Continental Lithosphere/Crust
• Oceanic Lithosphere.

  • Also called Sima from Silicon and Magnesium.
  • 210 million years old.
  • Thickness of 7-10km.
  • Density of 3g/cm^3
  • Composed primarily of Basalt.
• Continental Lithosphere.

  • Also called Sial from Silicon and Aluminum.
  • 4 Billion years old.
  • Thickness of 25-70km
  • Composed primarily of Granite.
• Scientific Basis for Dividing Lithosphere into Plates.

  1. Seismic Activities
  2. Formation of Volcanoes
  3. Formation of Mountain Ranges
• Classification of Plate Tectonic According to its size.

  1. Primary Plate (Major)
  2. Secondary Plate (Minor)
  3. Tertiary Plate
• Primary Plate (Major) -Any plate with an area that are greater than 20 Million km^2.
• Primary Plate (Major) Examples.

  • South America
  • Australian
  • Eurasian
• Secondary Plate (Minor) - Any plate with an area that are less then 20 Million km^2 but greater than 1 Million km^2.
• Secondary Plate (Minor) Examples.

  • Philippine Plate
  • Indian Plate
• Tertiary Plate - Any plate with an area that are less than 1 Million km^2.
• Earthquake - Sudden slip on a fault.
• Focus - The point within the earth where the release of energy happens.
• Epicenter - The location on the surface of the earth directly above the focus.
• Seismograph - Is used to record the motion of the ground.
• Seismic Waves - Are waves of acoustic energy that travel through the earth.
• Label this image.

  A) Fault

  B) Epicenter

  C) Focus

  
• 2 Types of Seismic Waves.

  • Body Waves
  • Surface Waves
• Body Waves - Seismic waves that moves through the interior of the Earth.
• 2 Types of Body Waves.

  1. Primary Wave
  2. Secondary Wave
• Primary Wave (P-Wave) - The fastest seismic wave can move through solid, liquid, and gas.
• Secondary Wave (S-Waves) - Travel slower than P-waves and are also called Shear Wave because they don't change the volume of the material through which they propagate.
• Primary Wave travel through Solid, Liquids. and Gas.
• Secondary Wave travel through solid materials only.
• Surface Wave - It can only travel on the surface of the earth and it arrives after the body wave.
• 2 Types of Surface wave.

  1. Love Waves
  2. Rayleigh Waves
• Love Waves - Shear waves trapped near the surface.
• Raleigh Waves - Have rocks particles motion similar to the water particle in the ocean.
• Label this image.

  A) Love

  B) Rayleigh

  
• Label this images.

  A) Normal Fault

  B) Reverse Fault

  C) Strike Slip Fault

  
• Triangulation Method - A method that uses distance information from three seismic stations to locate the earthquake epicenter. Circles are drawn on a map around each seismic station. The point where the three circles intersect is the location of the epicenter of an earthquake.
• Theory of Plate Tectonics.

  1. The theory is that pieces of the Earth's Lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle.
  2. Plates move slowly in different directions.
• Convection Current - Form by rising hot magma near the core towards the surface, while magma near the crust sinks, setting up currents that causes the plates to move.