12.4-12.6

• Conformity


  The change in a person's behavior to go along with the group, even if they do not agree with the group
• Asch effect


  The influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
• Normative social influence


  People conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group
• Informational social influence


  People conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous
• Variations of the Milgram experiment

  • When the humanity of the person being shocked was increased, obedience decreased
  • When the authority of the experimenter decreased, obedience decreased
• Groupthink


  The modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
• Causes of groupthink


  Group is highly cohesive or has a strong sense of connection<|>Group leader is directive and makes opinions known<|>Group is isolated from hearing alternative or new viewpoints
• Group polarization


  The strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group
• Social traps


  Situations that arise when individuals or groups of individuals behave in ways that are not in their best interest and that may have negative, long-term consequences
• Social loafing


  Reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled because each individual's efforts are not evaluated
• Prejudice


  A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one's membership in a particular social group
• Deindividuation


  Situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others
• Discrimination


  Negative action toward an individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group
• Racism


  Prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one's membership in a specific racial group
• Hostile aggression


  Aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
• Instrumental aggression


  Aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
• Sexual jealousy


  Part of male aggression, males endeavor to ensure their mates are not copulating with other males
• Frustration-aggression theory


  When humans are prevented from achieving an important goal, they become frustrated and aggressive
• Explicit attitudes


  Conscious and controllable
• Implicit attitudes


  Unconscious and uncontrollable
• Homophobia


  Prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation, which is often applied to bisexual, lesbian, gay, and other non-heterosexual people
• Transphobia


  The hatred or fear of those who are perceived to break or blur stereotypical gender roles, often expressed as stereotyping, discrimination, harassment and/or violence
• Self-fulfilling prophecy


  An expectation held by a person that alters their behavior in a way that tends to make it true
• Confirmation bias


  Paying attention to information that is consistent with our stereotypic expectations and ignoring information that is inconsistent with our expectations
• In-group


  A group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
• Diffusion of responsibility


  The tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility is spread throughout the group
• Out-group


  A group that we don't belong to
• In-group bias


  A preference for our own group over other groups
• Scapegoating


  The act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal