chapter 1- the human organism

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Anatomy 
The scientific discipline that investigates the STRUCTURE of the body
Physiology 
The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or FUNCTIONS of living things
Levels of Structural and Functional Organization of the Body
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
System Level
Organism Level
Chemical Level 
Simplest level of the structural ladder, includes atoms and molecules
Cellular Level 
Basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
Tissue Level 
Group of cells that perform the same function
4 Types of Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Organ Level 
Composed of two or more tissues that perform the same function
System Level 
Consists of related organs with a common function
Organism Level 
Any living thing considered as a whole
Body Systems 
Nervous System
Digestive System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Lymphatic System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Integumentary System
Endocrine System
Metabolism 
The ability to use energy
Two Phases of Metabolism
Catabolism (breakdown of complex, produce energy)
Anabolism (building up smaller to complex, uses energy)
Movement/Organization 
Refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform
Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or requirement
Production of new individual
Responsiveness 
Ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment
Growth 
Increase in body size, increase in the number of cells
Development/Differentiation 
Changes of an organism through time, changes in cell structure and function from generalized
Homeostasis 
The existence and maintenance of the balance
Components of Homeostatic Control System
Receptor (detects changes and signals the control center)
Control Center (analyzes the information and determines the appropriate response)
Effector (receives output and produces the response)
Types of Feedback 
Negative Feedback (reverse a change in variable)
Positive Feedback (strengthen or reinforce a change)
Anatomical Position 
Standard position, facing the observer, lower limbs parallel and feet flat
Directional Terms 
Superior/Cranial (upper part)
Inferior/Caudal (lower part)
Anterior/Ventral (front)
Posterior/Dorsal (back)
Medial (inner side)
Lateral (outer side)
Intermediate (in between)
Superficial (more external)
Deep (more internal)
Ipsilateral (same side)
Contralateral (opposite side)
Proximal (near to the trunk)
Distal (far to the trunk)
Regional Terms
Cranial (skull)
Facial (face)
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Temporal (temple)
Orbital/Ocular (eye)
Otic (ear)
Buccal (cheek)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Mental (chin)
Clavicle (neck)
Sternal (breastbone)
Axillary (armpit)
Thoracic (chest)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital (front of elbow)
Antebrachial (forearm)
Abdominal (abdomen)
Umbilical (navel)
Coxal (hip)
Inguinal (groin)
Pelvic (pelvis)
Pollex (thumb)
Manual (hand)
Palmar/Volar (palm)
Carpal (wrist)
Digit/Phalangeal (finger)
Pubic (pubis)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar (front of knee)
Crural (leg or shin)
Tarsal (ankle)
Digital (toe)
Pedal (foot)
Dorsum (top of foot)
Hallux (great toe)
Occipital (base of skull)
Scapular (shoulder blade)
Vertebral (spinal column)
Dorsal (back)
Lumbar (loin)
Sacral (between hips)
Olecranal/Cubital (back of elbow)
Gluteal (buttock)
Perineal (region of anus & external organs)
Dorsum (back of hand)
Popliteal (hollow behind knee)
Sural (calf)
Plantar (sole)
Calcaneal (heel)
Body Planes 
Sagittal Plane (separates right and left side)
Frontal/Coronal Plane (separates anterior and posterior portions)
Transverse Plane (separates superior and inferior portions)
Oblique Plane (diagonal cut)
Body Cavities 
Trunk contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
Serous Membranes 
Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs, produce a lubricating serous fluid
Abdominopelvic cavity 
Region bounded by the bones of the pelvis, containing the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
Abdominopelvic cavity and abdominal cavity 
Not physically separated, sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity
Body cavities 
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Serous membranes 
Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
Cavity between visceral and parietal serous membranes
Normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes
Function of serous fluid and smooth serous membranes
Reduce friction as an organ rubs against another organ or against the body wall
Pericardial cavity 
Surrounds the heart
Visceral pericardium 
Covers the heart, contained within a connective tissue sac lined with the parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity 
Located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium, contains pericardial fluid
Thoracic cavity 
Contains three serous membrane-lined cavities: a pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities
Pleural cavity 
Surrounds each lung, which is covered by visceral pleura. Parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm. The pleural cavity is located between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contains pleural fluid.
Peritoneal cavity 
Serous membrane-lined cavity in the abdominopelvic cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers many of the organs, parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm. The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid.
Pericarditis 
Inflammation of the pericardium
Pleurisy 
Inflammation of the pleura