NDDRM

• HAZARD


  A dangerous phenomenon or condition that may cause danger or loss of life, damaged to property, loss of livelihood or services, social and economic disruption or environmental damage
• RISK


  Hazard + vulnerability
• VULNERABILITY


  Characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or assets that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
• RISK


  Probability of harmful consequences and expected losses resulting from interaction between between natural or human induced hazard and vulnerable conditions
• RESILIENCY


  Capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazard to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain a level of functioning and structure
• DISASTER


  A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society that involves intensive human, economic and environmental losses and impacts
• EXPOSURE


  Refers to being exposed or at risk of experiencing hazard events of different magnitudes
• CAPACITY


  A combination of all strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster
• DISASTER RISK


  HAZARD X EXPOSURE X VULNERABILTY / CAPACITY
• DISATER RESPONSE AND EARLY RECOVERY

  Provision of emergency services and public assistance during immediately after a disaster to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence need of the affected people and communities
• DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY

  Restoration and improvement of facilities, livelihood and living conditions of a disaster affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors in line with the principles of "Build Back Better"
• Due to geographic location, at least 60% of the land is exposed to hazards, 74% of the population is at risk
• Geomorphological hazards


  • Earthquake
  • Flooding
  • Volcanic eruption
  • Landslide
  • Drought
  • Cyclone/Hurricane/Typhoon
• Modeling Geomorphic Process


  1. Predicting short term changes in landforms

  2. Slope stability, sediment flow and entrainment, deposition in rivers

  3. Landscape evolution

  4. Process studies and global environmental change

  5. Response to landforms to climate, hydrology, tectonics and land use

  6. Energy and mass fluxes which explores the short term links between land surface system and climate that are forged through the storage and movement of energy, water, biogeochemicals and sediments

  7. Applied geomorphology – studies human impacts on landscapes

  8. Coastal erosion, coastal management, soil erosion, landslide protection, river management and river channel restoration

  9. Mitigation of natural hazards of geomorphic origins

  10. Utilize techniques such as terrain mapping, remote sensing, and geographical information systems to contribute to environmental management program
• Isolated system


  Completely cutoff from its surroundings and can not therefore import or export matter or energy
• Open system


  Has boundaries which energy and materials may move
• Closed system


  Has boundaries open to the passage of energy but not of matter
• Dissipative system


  Irreversible process resulting in the dissipation of energy which govern them. They exchange energy and matter with their surroundings
• Internal variables


  Variables lying inside the system such as soil wetness, streamflow, etc
• External variables


  Variables originating from the outside the systems such as precipitation, solar radiation, tectonic uplift, etc
• Endogenic processes


  Tectonic and volcanic creates land
• Exogenic processes


  Driven by climatic forces are driver of erosion and weathering which alters landforms
• Interacting cycles in geomorphic system

  • Water cycle
  • Rock cycle
  • Biogeochemical cycle
• Water cycle


  Circulation of meteoric water through the hydrosphere, atmosphere and upper parts of the crust
• Rock cycle


  Repeated creation and destruction of crustal materials – rocks and minerals
• Geologic structures, tectonic process, climate and biosphere shape landforms and landscape
• Volcanic action, folding, faulting and uplift may impart potential energy to the troposphere
• Types of rock


  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
• Igneous rock


  Forms from solidification of magma, consist mainly of silicate material
• Sedimentary rock


  Layered accumulation of mineral particles derived mostly from weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks
• Metamorphic rock


  Forms from physical and chemical changes in igneous and sedimentary rocks
• Gravel and sand weather slowly compared to silt and clay, siliceous sandstone is more resistant to weathering than calcareous sandstone
• Igneous and Metamorphic rocks are generally resistant to weathering and erosion
• Quartzite, dolerite, gabbro and basalt, followed by marble, granite and gneiss are resistant rock and tend to form relief features in landscape
• Sedimentary rocks vary greatly in their ability to resist weathering and erosion
• Clay rich or silty sandstones are often cemented weakly thus prone to weathering and erosion
• Weathering


  Decay of rocks by biological, chemical and mechanical agents with little or no transport
• Erosion


  Sum of all destructive processes by which weathering products are picked up and carried by transporting media (ice, water and wind)
• Mass wasting


  Sum of all processes that lowers the ground surface
• Mass movements


  Bulk transfer of bodies of rocks debris downslope under the influence of gravity