Geologic Processes Inside the Earth

• The core is the hottest layer of the Earth. The heat coming from this layer is responsible for all geological activities happening on our planet.
• . Volcanoes, mountains, and continents were formed because of this internal heat.
• The crust is composed of solid rocks and minerals. It holds all known life forms on Earth
• • The mantle is made up of mostly solid rocks and minerals but have areas of semi-solid magma.
• • The core is made up of dense metal, specifically, nickel and iron. It is also considered as the center and the hottest part of the Earth.
• Mantle convection is the movement of the mantle as heat is transferred from the core to the crust
• The temperature of the mantle varies depending whether it is near the crust or near the boundary of the core. true
• The principal contributors to the heat of the core come from the decay of radioactive elements and from the heat of the molten outer core which solidifies near the inner core.
• Earth’s heat budget drives most of the geological processes on Earth.
• This measures the flow of thermal energy coming from the core, passing through the mantle, and up to the atmosphere, which is mainly due to the mantle convection. This, however, is counteracted by the solar radiation.
• Magmatism is the activity or the motion of the magma
• Rocks that are subjected to high temperature and pressure melt and become the magma. 
• Magma is a semi-liquid molten rock mixture that can be found in the lower portion of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.
• On 1788, James Hutton developed the idea about plutonism.
• the formation of intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks came from the solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface.
• These rocks will reach the Earth’s surface through the process of uplifting - a force that pulls the crust apart and lets the rocks from the underground to be brought up.
• When the hot molten magma does not solidify, it will be brought up to the Earth’s surface through uplifting. When the magma reaches the surface, it becomes lava - streams of molten rocks that cool and solidify to form extrusive igneous rocks.
• Magma is being brought up to the surface through a volcano. 
• Volcano is any opening in the Earth’s crust that allows magma and gases to be released in the upper crust.
• This process of bringing up the magma is called volcanism.