Hydrolysis, Complex Ions, Colloids

• Hydrolysis


  A common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance
• Hydrolysis reaction


  1. Water molecules get attached to two parts of a molecule

  2. One molecule of a substance will get H+ ion

  3. The other molecule receives the OH- group

  4. Used to break down polymers into monomers
• Complex ion


  A metal ion at its centre with a number of other molecules or ions surrounding it, attached by coordinate covalent bonds<|>The molecules or ions surrounding the central metal ion are called ligands
• Simple ligands


  • Chloride
  • Water
  • Ammonia
• Ligands


  Have active lone pairs of electrons in the outer energy level<|>Used to form coordinate bonds with the metal ion<|>Function as Lewis bases
• Colloid


  A mixture that has particles ranging between 1 and 1000 nanometers in diameter, yet are still able to remain evenly distributed throughout the solution<|>Also known as colloidal dispersions
• Types of colloids


  • Aerosol (gas with liquid/solid particles)
  • Sol (solid particles in liquid)
  • Emulsion (between two liquids)
  • Foam (gas particles trapped in liquid/solid)
• Examples of colloids


  • Ruby glass (solid in solid)
  • Pearl, cheese (solid in liquid)
  • Lava, pumice (solid in gas)
  • Paints, cell fluids (liquid in solid)
  • Milk, oil in water (liquid in liquid)
  • Soap suds, whipped cream (liquid in gas)
  • Smoke (solid in gas)
  • Fog, mist (liquid in gas)
• Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction


  A type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species
• Redox reactions are common and vital to some of the basic functions of life, including photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and corrosion or rusting
• Oxidation state


  The number of electrons, e-, that an atom loses, gains, or appears to use when joining with other atoms in compounds
• Rules for assigning oxidation state

  • The oxidation state of an individual atom is 0
  • The total oxidation state of all atoms in a neutral species is 0, and in an ion is equal to the ion charge
  • Group 1 metals have an oxidation state of +1, Group 2 an oxidation state of +2
  • The oxidation state of fluorine is -1 in compounds
  • Hydrogen generally has an oxidation state of +1 in compounds
  • Oxygen generally has an oxidation state of -2 in compounds
  • In binary metal compounds, Group 17 elements have an oxidation state of -1, Group 16 elements of -2, and Group 15 elements of -3
• Reduced and oxidized elements

  An atom is oxidized if its oxidation number increases (the reducing agent)<|>An atom is reduced if its oxidation number decreases (the oxidizing agent)
• Oxidizing agent


  The ion or molecule that accepts electrons, oxidizing other species
• Reducing agent


  The ion or molecule that donates electrons, reducing the other species