Psychology

• Attitude


  A mixture of belief and emotion that predisposes a person to respond to other people, objects or groups in a positive or negative way
• Attitude


  Summarizes your evaluation of people, objects or groups, and predicts or directs future actions
• Components of attitude


  • Beliefs
  • Emotions
  • Actions
• Positive attitude towards contraceptive use


  • Belief: Prevents unwanted pregnancy, supports women's rights
  • Emotion: Optimism
  • Action: Support access, support sex education
• Negative attitude towards contraceptive use

  • Belief: Sin against god, used by immoral people
  • Emotion: Anger
  • Action: Despise users, reject scientific evidence
• Attitude acquisition


  Direct contact<|>Chance conditioning<|>Interaction with others<|>Influenced by media
• Attitudes and behaviors are not always aligned
• Reasons for attitude-behavior gap


  Immediate consequences of actions<|>Expectations of how others will evaluate actions<|>Long-standing habits
• Conviction


  Strengthening of emotion through information acquisition, which can narrow the attitude-behavior gap
• Persuasion


  Deliberate attempt to change attitudes, often by producing cognitive dissonance
• Cognitive dissonance


  Mental stress or discomfort experienced when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values

  
• Cognitive dissonance theory


  Attitude either strengthens or weakens when exposed to conflicting information
• Prejudice


  Negative attitudes held towards members of specific social groups, causing harm through discrimination and inequality
• Scapegoating


  Blaming a person or group for actions of others or for conditions not of their making
• Ethnocentrism


  Belief that one's own ethnic group is superior to others
• Stereotyping


  Oversimplifying people into groups according to our beliefs
• Racism


  Negative stereotyping and prejudice translated into harmful actions towards specific races or ethnicities
• Examples of racial discrimination and racism


  • Anti-Muslim, Anti-Migrants, Anti-Blacks, Anti-Asian
  • Rwanda conflict
  • Srebrenica massacre
  • Holocaust