MIXTURES

• Mixture

  • combination of two pure substances
  • "like dissolves like" - e.g. water (polar) dissolves most polar substances (sugar, salt, etc.) except non polar substances like oil
  • Polar molecule - having partial positive and partial negative ends, or poles
  • Miscible - when a liquid is soluble in another liquid, the liquid present in larger quantity is solvent
• Homogenous Mixture

  • appears as one uniform material with uniform characteristics
  • water is the universal solvent
  • the warmer the solvent, the more solute would be dissolved
• Solute - the part that is dissolved

  Solvent - the part that dissolves
• Types of solutions

  • unsaturated - can still dissolve more solute
  • saturated - already contains the maximum amount of solute
  • supersaturated - used pressure or heat to dissolve more than the actual amount of solute
• Heterogenous Mixture

  • does not have uniform particles, therefore the particles could be identified individually
  • its particles are larger than those in a solution, so the particles often settle in the bottom of the solvent
• Colloids

  • in between being a homogenous and heterogenous mixture
• The Tyndall Effect

  • the scattering of light exhibited by a colloid mixture
• Gas Laws

  • Ideal Gas Law

  1. Formula: pV=nRT, where P = pressure (in atm)
  2. V = volume (in L)
  3. T = temperature (in K)
  4. n = amount of gas (in mol)
• Boyle's Law


  decreasing the volume increases collisions and increases pressure
• Charle's Law


  increasing the temperature increases volume
• Gay-Lussac's Law


  increasing the temperature increases pressure
• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

  • particles in a gas are infinitely small
  • particles in a gas are in constant random motion
  • gases do not experience intermolecular forces
  • gas molecules undergo perfectly elastic collisions
  • the kinetic energies of gas molecules are directly proportional to their temperatures (hotter = faster molecules)