IT Era (1)

• ICT : is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing.
• ICT stands for INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES.
• ICT : term is generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow people and organizations to interact in the digital world
• Information Technology : computer hardware, software and networking technologies.
• Communication Technology : telegraph, telephone, radio and television.
• Uses of ICT in our daily lives:

  1. Communication
  2. Job Opportunities
  3. Education
  4. Socializing
• Positive Impact of ICT:

  1. Access to Information.
  2. Improved access to Education.
  3. New Tools, New Opportunities.
  4. Communication
  5. Information Management
  6. Security
  7. Allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide.
  8. Distance Learning
  9. CT facilitates to perform impossible experiments.
  10. Creation of more new interesting jobs.
• Negative Impacts of ICT:

  1. Job Loss
  2. Reduced Personal Interaction
  3. Reduced Physical Activity
  4. Cost
  5. Competition
• Computer : a programmable machine.
• Computer : an electronic device that manipulates information.
• Computer : abilty to stored, retrieve and process data.
• Computer : a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program).
• Computer : any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.
• Three principal characteristics of computer:

  1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
  2. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
  3. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
• Tally Stick : ancient memory aid device.
• Abacus : mechanical device, mathematical calculation

  - used to perform arithmetic operations.

  - invented: Babylonia, 2400 B.C.

  - first uses: China, 500 B.C.
• Napier's Bone - invented: John Napier, 1614
• Napier's Bone : operator to multiply, divide, square and cube root.
• Pascaline - invented: Blaise Pascal, 1642
• Pascaline - limitation to addition and subtraction, too expensive.
• Slide Rule - invented: William Oughtred, 1622
• Slide Rule - based on Napier's ideas about logarithms
• Slide Rule : used for Multiplication, Division, Roots, Logarithms, Trigonometry. Not for addition and subtraction.
• Stepped Reckoner - invented: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1672
• Stepped Reckoner : machine can multipily, add, subtract and divide automatically.
• Jacquard Loom : invented: Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1881
• Jacquard Loom : a mechanical loom.
• Jacquard Loom : an automatic loom controlled by a punched cards.
• Arithmometer : invented: Thomas de Colmar, 1820
• Arithmometer : a mechanical calculator.
• Arithmometer : first reliable, useful
• Arithmometer : commercially successful calculation machine.
• • Arithmometer : machine can perform 4 basic mathematic functions.
• Arihtmometer : first mass-produced calculating machine.
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine : an automatic mechanical calculator
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine : design to tabulate polynomial functions.
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine : inveted by Charles Babbage.
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine : first mechanical computer.
• Augusta Ada Byron is the first computer programmer who suggest to Babbage that she will be using a binary system.
• Augusta Ada Byron is the one who writes program for analytical engine.