G12

• International Organizations

  • International Monetary Fund
  • World Bank
  • World Trade Organization
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)


  A global organization comprised of 189 member countries, aiming to enhance international monetary cooperation, ensure financial stability, support international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty worldwide
• Roles & Functions of IMF

  • Policy Advice
  • Financial Assistance
  • Capacity Development
• World Bank


  One of the world's largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries
• Roles & Functions of World Bank

  • Funding Development Projects
  • Policy Advice and Research
  • Capacity Building
• World Trade Organization (WTO)


  The sole international entity focused on regulating trade between nations
• Roles & Functions of WTO

  • Trade Negotiations
  • Implementation and Monitoring
  • Dispute Settlement
  • Building Trade Capacity
  • Outreach
• UN Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity
• Key Features of the 2030 Agenda and its Goals

  • Global, rather than limited to "developing" countries
  • Based on values such as equity and respect for human rights
  • Relies on approaches such as sustainable financing, scientific research and innovation, and monitoring and evaluation
  • Requires a new way of working, involving intersectoral action by multiple stakeholders
  • Aims to strengthen health systems towards universal health coverage (UHC)
• Goals under Goal 1: No Poverty


  • Reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions
  • Establish comprehensive social protection systems and measures for all
  • Ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources
  • Enhance the resilience of the poor and vulnerable individuals, by reducing their exposure to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social, and environmental shocks
  • Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources
  • Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies
• Goals under Goal 2: Zero Hunger


  • End all forms of malnutrition especially on children under 5 years of age & address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons
  • Double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers
  • Ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices
  • Maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species
  • Increase investment in research and technology development
  • Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets
  • Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets
• Goals under Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being


  • Reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
  • End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age
  • End the epidemics of communicable diseases
  • Reduce by one third premature mortality
  • Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse
  • Halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
  • Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services
  • Achieve universal health coverage
  • Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
• Goals under Goal 4: Quality Education


  • Eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education
  • Ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
  • Substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills
  • Ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development
  • Enhance education facilities that are child, disability, and gender sensitive, ensuring a safe environment
  • Substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries
  • Substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers
• Goals under Goal 5: Gender Equality


  • End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
  • Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres
  • Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
  • Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work
  • Ensure women's full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership
  • Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights
  • Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources
  • Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation
• Goals under Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation


  • Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
  • Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation
  • Improve water quality by reducing pollution
  • Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors
  • Implement integrated water resources management at all levels
  • Protect and restore water-related ecosystems
  • Expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes
  • Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
• Goals under Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy


  • Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
  • Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
  • Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
  • Enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology
  • Expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries
• Goals under Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth


  • Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances
  • Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation
  • Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation
  • Improve progressively, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation
  • Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men
  • Substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training
• Goals under Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure


  • Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure
  • Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
  • Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises
  • Upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable
  • Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries
  • Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support
  • Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries
  • Increase access to information and communications technology
• Goals under Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities


  • Progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average
  • Empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all
  • Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome
  • Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality
  • Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people
  • Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries
  • Reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent
• Goals under Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities


  • Ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
  • Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all
  • Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
  • Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials
  • Provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces
  • Significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters
• Goals under Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production


  • Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production
  • Achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
  • Halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
  • Achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle
  • Substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
  • Encourage companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle
  • Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities
• Goals under Goal 13: Climate Action


  • Ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
  • Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all
  • Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
  • Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials
  • Provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces
  • Significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters
• International political economy (IPE)


  The study of how politics shapes the global economy and how the global economy shapes politics
• IPE


  Explores how political decisions and actions influence economic activities on a global scale, and how economics, in turn, impact political processes and structures
• IPE


  • A fundamental premise is that international economic activities cannot be understood in isolation from the actors who govern and influence them
  • Places significant importance on understanding the institutions, political contexts, and power dynamics that drive the global economy
• Issue areas of IPE

  • International trade
  • Multinational corporations
  • International monetary and financial system
  • Economic development and inequality
• Transnational economic governance (TGE)


  The coordination, regulation, and management of economic activities that transcend national borders but fall short of full global integration
• TGE


  • Involves the development and implementation of rules, policies, and agreements that govern economic interactions among nations and other actors in the global economy
  • Acknowledges the role of various actors beyond nation-states, including international organizations, multinational corporations, financial institutions, and civil society organizations
• TGE


  Seeks to balance national interests with the need for international cooperation to address global economic challenges, such as financial stability, economic development, and trade disputes
• IPE


  Focuses on the interplay between politics and economics on a global scale
• TGE


  Deals with the regulation and management of economic activities that cross national borders
• IPE


  Focuses on how political forces and economic forces influence each other
• TGE


  Focuses on the development and implementation of rules, policies, and institutions that govern economic interactions
• Actors in IPE

  • Nation-states
  • International organizations
  • Multinational corporations
  • NGOs
• Actors in TGE

  • Nation-states
  • International organizations
  • Multinational corporations
  • NGOs
• IPE


  Studies the interactions among these actors and how they influence global economic policies and outcomes
• TGE


  Looks at how these actors collaborate, negotiate, and implement policies to manage cross-border economic issues
• IPE


  Aims to analyze and explain the complex relationships between politics and economics on a global scale
• TGE


  Aims to develop effective mechanisms for managing and regulating economic interactions that cross national borders