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• Agriculture


  A foundation of the economy, primarily concerned with the optimum utilization of resources - human, economic, social, and physical
• Rural Development


  Improved the quality of life of the rural poor largely through their own efforts and resources
• Physiocracy


  An economic theory that emerged in the 18th century, primarily in France, that advocated for limited government interference and was known as the 'Agricultural System'
• Physiocracy


  • The wealth of nations is derived from the value of "land agriculture" or "land development" and that agricultural products should be highly valued over industrial goods
  • Introduced the term "physis" (nature) and "kratos" (power)
• François Quesnay


  A French economist and the personal physician of King Louis XV who developed the physiocratic theory
• Physiocracy's historical foundation is integrated into agricultural and rural development
• Land Reform


  A deliberate attempt to reorganize and transform agrarian systems to improve the distribution of agricultural incomes and facilitate rural development
• Purpose of Land Reform

  • Transfer land ownership or control from large landowners to the actual cultivators, which can take various forms such as implementing tenancy reform, transferring land from large estates to small farms or rural cooperatives, appropriating large estates for new settlement, and transferring ownership to tenants to create family farms
• Impacts of Land Reform

  • Economic Efficiency and Growth
  • Reduction of Rural Poverty
  • Support for Small-Scale Farmers
  • Political and Social Stability
• Land reforms are seen as a prerequisite for increasing rural employment, raising rural incomes, and enhancing agricultural production and resource utilization
• By redistributing land, land reforms can address the highly unequal structure of land ownership, which is a key determinant of rural income and wealth disparity
• Providing small farmers with secured tenure rights can enhance their economic stability, sense of self-worth, and productivity
• Effective land reform can reduce social tensions and promote more stable and equitable rural communities
• Challenges and Conditions for Success of Land Reform

  • Market Failures
  • Government Support Systems
  • Political Will and Implementation
  • Integrated Rural Development
• Theories that guide sustainable agricultural practices and socio-economic developments in rural areas include the Rule of Nature and Information-based Governance Theory
• Government


  The name given to the entity exercising legitimate power and authority
• Politics


  The art of government, the exercise of control within the society through the making and enforcement of collective decisions
• Governance


  The exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs at all levels, comprising mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations, and mediate their differences
• Three Legs of Governance

  • Economic
  • Political
  • Administrative
• The need for governance exists anytime a group of people come together to accomplish an end, and the central component of governance is decision-making
• Gerry Stoker's Five Propositions of Governance Theory

  • Governance refers to institutions and actors from within and beyond government
  • Governance identifies the blurring of boundaries and responsibilities for tackling social and economic issues
  • Governance identifies the power dependence involved in the relationships between institutions involved in collective action
  • Governance is about autonomous self-governing networks of actors
  • Governance recognizes the capacity to get things done which does not rest on the power of government to command or use its authority