unit 4 AOS 1

• high income countries include australia, canada and greece

  upper middle income countries include china, fiji and mexico

  lower middle income countries include cambodia, india and pakistan

  low income countries include uganda, chad and south sudan
• high income is $12536 or more

  upper middle is $12535-4046

  lower middle is $4045-1036

  low income is $1035 and under
• GNI is the total value of goods and services a countries citizens produce including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
• economic characteristics include poverty (lack of resources due to money), range of industry (different types of businesses and jobs that exist in a country) and opportunities for global trade (goods and services sold between countries.) these are all different in high and low income countries
• environmental characteristics include safe water and sanitation, food security, housing, infrastructure and carbon emissions. these are all different in high and low income countries
• social characteristics include gender equality, health systems, birth and population rates, education and employment levels, legal systems and access to technology. these are different in high and low income countries
• high income country characteristics include high GNI per capita (lower levels of poverty), access to healthcare, high living standards, good infrastructure, social security, and access to safe water and sanitation
• double burden of disease is when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side by side in one community such as under nutrition and obesity
• improvements on health status include life expectancy, U5 mortality rates and maternal mortality
• similarities of improvements in health status is that both life expectancy and rates of obesity are increasing in all income countries.

  differences are that life expectancy fluctuates more in low - middle income countries compared to high
• poverty is deprivation from lack of income, opportunities like social inclusion and education and resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare
• types of poverty include:

  absolute/extreme poverty which is those living on less than a certain amount per day

  relative poverty which is those living on less than 50% of their countries average income
• poverty causes a lack of access to safe water and sanitation, nutritious food (food insecurity), healthcare and education/employment
• safe water is not contaminated with diseases causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

  sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of urine and faeces
• unsafe water can cause diarrhoea from bacteria in water and cholera which is infection in the small intestine from bacteria. can also lead to dehydration and death
• globalisation is the process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. it transforms different societies into one global society. a reduction in barriers to trade communication and transport contributes to this process
• global distributions of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods have all occurred affecting health outcomes
• sustainability refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• economic sustainability ensures that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future
• actions which increase economic sustainability include innovation and diversity of industries, job creation, economic growth and trade
• social sustainability refers to equitably meeting and promoting the needs of all people now and in the future
• actions which increase social sustainability include elimination of poverty and promotion of social protection systems, gender equality, access to safe and decent working conditions, access to safe and decent working conditions peace, promotion of political and legal rights and peace and security
• environmental sustainability ensures that the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
• benefits of environmental sustainability include use of natural resources, addressing climate change, waste removal and pollution, biodiversity and renewable energy resources
• interrelationships occur in the 3 dimensions of sustainability, such as:

  poverty reduction is a part of social sustainability but in order for it to be achieved it relies on economic sustainability.

  equal access to safe water is a part of social sustainability but relies heavily on environmental sustainability to ensure clean water is available
• human development index is a way to measure and rank countries based on their economic and social development

  it includes 3 dimensions and 4 indicators, and is measured giving a number between 0 and 1
• human development index:

  very high: 0.8-1

  high: 0.7-0.79

  medium: 0.5-0.69

  low: below 0.5
• the 3 dimensions of human development include:

  a long and healthy life

  knowledge

  and a decent standard of living
• the 4 human development include:

  life expectancy at birth

  mean years of schooling

  expected years of schooling

  and gross national income per capita
• advantages of HDI include considers more than just average incomes as it includes education and health, and it is a single statistic that reflects human development making it easy to make judgements about how people are living
• disadvantages of HDI include still includes averages so not all peoples situations are considered, no survey data is collected so population perspectives and opinions are not considered and comparisons within countries cannot be made
• there are implications on health and well-being including climate change, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, changing weather patterns, conflict, mass migration, world trade and tourism
• digital technologies have helped to produce information surrounding health and can help healthcare workers gather population data. online networks allow people to share and compare different diagnosis and treatments with people who have the same condition all over the world. however challenges include children can be exposed to bullying, being threatened, harrassed or embarrassed online
• inequality refers to the absence of equality often referring to resources and opportunities

  discrimination refers to treating a person or group differently than the other due to their sex, race, religion and gender identity
• human development is creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive and creative lives according to their needs and interests. it’s about expanding peoples choices and capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
• The indicators of the dimension knowledge are mean years of schooling which is the average number of years of education achieved by those 25 and over and expected years of schooling which is the number of years of education expected for a child at school entrance age
• processed foods refer to any food that items that have been deliberately changed before being made available to eat
• global distribution of tobacco has occurred as there is few to no laws surrounding tobacco in low income countries and low income countries lack education and have no health promotion campaigns
• global distribution of alcohol has occurred as there are less regulations and laws in low income countries surrounding alcohol and there is greater opportunity to sell in low income countries due to market in high income countries being saturated
• global distribution of processed foods have occurred as average incomes are increasing therefore more people can afford processed foods