iot

• Topics in IOT exam notes

  • Security
  • Data and knowledge management
  • Networking
  • Architecture
  • IOT intro
  • 5 things about IOT
  • Iot standard protocol
• What is IOT


  Network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances and other objects embedded with sensors, software and connectivity, enabling them to connect and exchange data over the internet
• IOT architecture


  1. Sensors/ device – collect data from environment or interact with it, actuators perform actions based on information collected

  2. Connectivity – enable devices to communicate with each other via cloud/network

  3. Gateways – act as intermediaries between devices and clouds/network, collect data from multiple devices, perform data preprocessing, and provide secure connectivity

  4. Cloud/network – responsible for storing and processing the data, provides infrastructure and services for data storage, analytics and applications development

  5. Security – includes encryption, access control, and data privacy measures to protect the devices, data and communications channels
• Why iot important


  • Data collection & processing
  • Cloud infrastructure
• IOT challenges


  • Insufficient testing and updating
  • Concern regarding data security and privacy
  • Software complexity
  • Data volumes and interpretation
  • Integration with AI and automation
  • Devices require a constant power supply
  • Interaction and short-range communication
• Advantages of IOT


  • Ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any device
  • Improved communication between connected electronic devices
  • Transferring data over a network saving time and money
  • Automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and reducing the need for human intervention
• Disadvantages of IOT


  • Enterprises dealing with massive numbers/ million of iot devices, collecting and managing data can be challenging
  • More connected devices and information, more potential a hacker can steal data
  • A bug in the system can corrupt the connected devices
  • Difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other due to non-existent international standard of compatibility for IOT
• IOT in future


  • Advancements in AI and Machine Learning
  • Progress in 5G and beyond
  • Edge computing expansion
• Emerging trends in IoT

  • Increased focus on security
  • Sustainability and iot
  • Digital twins
• IOT architecture definition


  Structured framework that outlines how different components and layers of an iot system interact
• Importance of Iot architecture

  • Scalability
  • Interoperability
  • Flexibility
  • Efficiency
  • Security
• Objectives of IOT architecture

  • Clarity in design
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Improved performance
  • Easier maintenance and troubleshooting
  • Futureproofing
• Core layers of IoT Architecture

  • Perception/Sensor layer
  • Network/Transport layer
  • Middleware/Processing layer
  • Application layer
  • Business layer
• Perception/Sensor layer


  • Collect raw data from environments
  • Types of sensors and devices
  • Challenges
• Network/Transport layer


  • Serves as the crucial link between perception/sensor later and the rest of the iot architecture, transferring data from sensors to processing systems and applications
  • Types of connectivity
  • Key IoT protocols
  • Challenges
• Middleware/Processing layer


  • Acts as the central hub for data processing and storage
  • Key functions
  • Technologies and platforms
  • Challenges
• Application layer


  • Transforms processed data into valuable insights and actionable information for end-users
  • Key characteristics
  • Challenges
• Business layer


  • Focuses on leveraging iot applications and data to achieve strategic business objectives
  • Key components
  • Impact of business layer
  • Challenges
• Architecture models


  • Centralized
  • Decentralized
  • Distributed
  • Hybrid
• Security in IoT Architecture

  • Key security considerations
  • Challenges
  • Strategies for enhancing security
• Challenges in IoT Architecture

  • Scalability
  • Security and privacy
  • Interoperability
• Computer/device


  A group of computers/devices that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections to share resources
• Security


  • Apply robust security protocols to safeguard data as it traverses networks, preventing unauthorized access and attacks
• Challenges in IoT security

  • Scalability
  • Diversity of devices - managing security across devices with varied capabilities and operating systems
  • Resource constraints - balancing security needs with the limited computing power and energy resources of many IoT devices
• Strategies for enhancing IoT security

  • Layered security approach - implementing security at every layer of IoT architecture
  • Regular security audits - conducting periodic reviews and updates of security policies and practices to address emerging threats
  • Collaboration and standards - working with industry groups and regulatory bodies to develop and adhere to security standards and best practices
• Challenges in IoT Architecture

  • Scalability
  • Security and privacy
  • Interoperability
• Computer/device


  A group of computers/devices that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections to share resources located on or provided by a network node
• Network topology


  Structure, design, or organizational hierarchy of network host interconnections
• Network topologies in IoT

  • Star topology
  • Mesh topology
  • Bus topology
  • Hybrid topology
• Star topology


  • Centralized architecture where all IoT devices connect directly to a central hub or gateway
  • Offers simplicity in design and ease of management
  • Used in small scale IoT deployment
• Mesh topology


  • Decentralized architecture where devices are interconnected allowing them to communicate directly with each other
  • Provides redundancy and self-healing capabilities, enhancing reliability
  • Suitable for large-scale IoT deployment
• Bus topology


  • Linear architecture where devices are connected along a single communication line
  • Data transmission occurs sequentially from one device to another
  • Simple to implement but prone to single point failure and limited scalability
• Hybrid topology


  • Combination of different topologies to meet specific connectivity needs
  • Offers flexibility and scalability by leveraging the strengths of multiple topologies
  • Customizable to accommodate diverse IoT deployment scenarios, ensuring optimal performance and reliability
• Network Protocol


  A series of data transfer rules or protocols<|>Computers need to be agreed on how the information is organized and how each side will send and receive information
• Network Protocols


  • http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
  • https (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secured)
  • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
  • ftp (File Transfer Protocol)
  • IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
  • POP (Post Office Protocol)
  • SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol)
  • telnet (Terminal Network Protocol)
  • UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
  • nntp (Network News Transfer Protocol)
  • MAC (Media Access Control Protocol)
  • DNS (Domain Name System Protocol)
  • DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
• Types of IoT Networks

  • List not provided
• Factors to consider when selecting the most suitable IoT Network

  • Power consumption
  • Coverage area
  • Data amount
  • Devices' density
• Volume (of IoT data)

  Large amount of IoT devices produce massive volumes of data at an unprecedented scale<|>Sheer quantity of generated data presents opportunities and challenges for organizations<|>Managing this volume requires robust infrastructure and scalable solutions to ensure efficient data handling and analysis
• Variety (of IoT data)

  Data comes in various forms, structured, unstructured and semi-structured data<|>Structured data refers to organized data with a defined schema (e.g. Sensor readings in tabular format)<|>Unstructured data lacks a predefined structure (e.g. text, images)<|>Semi-structured data falls in between with a partial structure that facilitates analysis but may require more processing
• Velocity (of IoT data)


  Speed at which data is generated, transmitted, and processed<|>IoT devices continuously collect and transmit data in real time, requiring rapid processing and analysis to derive actionable insights<|>The speed shows challenges for traditional data processing methods and necessitates the adoption of real-time analytics solutions capable of handling data streams with low latency<|>Organizations can gain timely insights and respond quickly to changing conditions and events by harnessing the velocity of IoT data