TOS BASED

• Psychological Disorder


  Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
• 4 D's of Psychological Disorder

  • Psychological Dysfunction
  • Distress or Impairment
  • Atypical or Not Culturally Expected (Deviance)
  • Dangerousness
• Duration


  How long the mental state has been persisting
• Psychopathology


  Scientific study of mental disorders
• Clinical Psychology


  Applied branch of psychology that seeks to understand, assess, and treat psychological conditions in a clinical setting
• Abnormal Psychology


  Branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotions, and thought which may or may not indicate an underlying condition
• Normal Behavior


  One behavior that is like other people in the society
• Criteria for determining Abnormal Behavior

  • Norm-violation
  • Statistical rarity
  • Personal Discomfort
  • Deviation
  • Maladaptiveness
• Clinical Assessment


  The systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder
• Diagnosis


  Process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder
• Epidemiology


  Study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population
• Prevalence Types


  • Point Prevalence
  • 1 Year Prevalence
  • Lifetime Prevalence
• Incidence


  Number of new cases occur over a given period of time
• Sign


  Manifestation of disease that the physicians receive
• Symptom


  Subjective representation of the complaints of the patient
• Syndrome


  Group of symptoms that occur together more often by chance
• DSM-IV Axes


  • Axis I: Clinical Disorder
  • Axis II: Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation
  • Axis III: General Mental Conditions
  • Axis IV: Psychosocial & Environmental Problems
  • Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning
• Theoretical Approaches in Explaining the Etiology of Psychological Disorders

  • One-Dimensional
  • Multidimensional
• Genes


  Long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes, within cell nucleus
• Chromosomes


  The chain-like structures within a cell nucleus that contain the genes
• Genotypes


  Unique genetic makeup
• Phenotypes


  Observable characteristics
• Polymorphisms


  Naturally occurring variations of genes
• Polygenic


  Influenced by multiple genes or by multiple polymorphisms of genes with any one gene having only very small effects
• Endophenotypes


  Genetic mechanisms that ultimately contribute to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders
• Genetic Epidemiology Types


  • Basic Genetic Epidemiology
  • Advanced Genetic Epidemiology
• Gene Finding


  What gene influences the behavior
• Molecular Genetics


  Biological analysis of individual DNA samples; biological processes genes affect to produce symptoms of the disorder
• Family Studies


  Examine behavioral pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family
• Proband


  Family member with the trait singled out for study
• Adoption Studies


  Identify adoptees who have a particular behavioral pattern or psychological disorder and attempt to locate first-degree relatives who were raised in different family settings
• Twin Studies


  Usually conducted to identical twins because they share genetic makeup
• Those people who reported more severe stressful life events and had at least one short allele of the 5-HTT gene were at greater risk of developing depression (Caspi et al., 2003) (serotonin-transporter gene)
• Epigenetics


  Factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes
• Neuroscience


  Study of the nervous system, especially the brain to understand behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes
• Neurotransmitters and Associated Behaviors

  • Glutamate (E) [ memory ]
  • GABA (I) [ calming ]
  • Serotonin (I) [ mood ]
  • Dopamine [ pleasure ]
  • Epinephrine [ fight-or-flight ]
  • Norepinephrine [ concentration ]
  • Endorphins [ euphoria ]
  • Acetylcholine (E) [ learning ]
• Brain Regions and Associated Behaviors

  • Brain Stem
  • Limbic System
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Cerebral Cortex
• Somatic Nervous System


  Controls the muscles
• Autonomic Nervous System


  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
• Endocrine System

  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Pineal
  • Pancreas
  • Testes
  • Ovaries