Consists of the hair, skin, nails, teeth, sweat glands. Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D
Skeletal System
Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints. Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue
Muscular System
Consists of muscles. Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors. Detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Endocrine System
Consists of endocrine glands. Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc.
Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood. Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature
Lymphatic System
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, etc. Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
Respiratory System
Consists of the lungs, respiratory passages. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
Digestive System
Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines. Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Urinary System
Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureter. Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
Female Reproductive System
Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands. Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development. Produces milk for the newborn. Produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
Male Reproductive System
Consists of the testes, ducts, penis. Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Organization
Functional interrelationships between parts
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism. Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes
Responsiveness
Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes. Includes both internal and external environments
Growth
Increase in size of cells, group of cells (tissue), extracellular materials
Developmental
Changes in form, size, and cell structure and function from generalized to specialized — differentiation
Reproduction
Formation of new cells or new organisms. Generation of new individuals. Tissue repair
Homeostasis
Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
Variables in Homeostasis
Measures of body properties that may change in value, e.g. body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure
Normal Range
Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
Set Point
Normal or average value of a variable
Negative Feedback
Main mechanism used in homeostatic regulation. Involves detection (of deviation away from set point) and correction (reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range)
Components of Feedback
Receptor – detects changes in variable
Control Center – receives receptor signal, establishes set point, sends signal to effector
Effector – directly causes change in variable
Positive Feedback
Mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Anatomical Position
Person standing erect with face and palms forward. All relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation