AnaPhy Ch 1

• Anatomy


  Investigates body structure
• Physiology


  Investigates processes and functions
• Human Physiology


  Studies the human organism
• Systemic Physiology


  Studies body organ-systems
• Cellular Physiology


  Studies body cells
• Systemic Anatomy


  Studies body organ systems
• Regional Anatomy


  Studies body regions
• Surface Anatomy


  Studies external features, e.g. bone projections
• Anatomical Imaging


  Using technologies, e.g. x-rays, ultrasounds
• Integumentary System


  Consists of the hair, skin, nails, teeth, sweat glands. Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D
• Skeletal System


  Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints. Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue
• Muscular System


  Consists of muscles. Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
• Nervous System


  Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors. Detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
• Endocrine System


  Consists of endocrine glands. Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc.
• Cardiovascular System


  Consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood. Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature
• Lymphatic System


  Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, etc. Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
• Respiratory System


  Consists of the lungs, respiratory passages. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
• Digestive System


  Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines. Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
• Urinary System


  Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureter. Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
• Female Reproductive System


  Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands. Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development. Produces milk for the newborn. Produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
• Male Reproductive System


  Consists of the testes, ducts, penis. Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
• Organization


  Functional interrelationships between parts
• Metabolism


  Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism. Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes
• Responsiveness


  Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes. Includes both internal and external environments
• Growth


  Increase in size of cells, group of cells (tissue), extracellular materials
• Developmental


  Changes in form, size, and cell structure and function from generalized to specialized — differentiation
• Reproduction


  Formation of new cells or new organisms. Generation of new individuals. Tissue repair
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
• Variables in Homeostasis


  • Measures of body properties that may change in value, e.g. body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure
• Normal Range


  Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
• Set Point


  Normal or average value of a variable
• Negative Feedback


  Main mechanism used in homeostatic regulation. Involves detection (of deviation away from set point) and correction (reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range)
• Components of Feedback

  • Receptor – detects changes in variable
  • Control Center – receives receptor signal, establishes set point, sends signal to effector
  • Effector – directly causes change in variable
• Positive Feedback


  Mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
• Anatomical Position


  Person standing erect with face and palms forward. All relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation