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• Valvular heart disease


  A diseased heart valve that fails to close (regurgitation) or fails to open fully (stenosis), or a combination of these
• Specific valve lesions


  • MS (mitral stenosis)
  • MR (mitral regurgitation)
  • AS (aortic stenosis)
  • AR (aortic regurgitation)
  • TS (tricuspid stenosis)
  • TR (tricuspid regurgitation)
  • PS (pulmonary stenosis)
  • PR (pulmonary regurgitation)
• Most common causes of each valve lesion

  • Congenital - born abnormal
  • Rheumatic fever - Rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
  • Infection - infective endocarditis, syphilis
  • Degeneration due to ageing
  • Connective tissue disease
• Mitral stenosis


  99% due to rheumatic heart disease, disease of developing countries, 1% due to congenital, tumor, thrombosis, drugs, radiation
• Mitral regurgitation


  50% due to rheumatic, also due to mitral valve prolapse, papillary muscle dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, congenital, infective endocarditis, calcification of mitral annulus
• Aortic stenosis


  In developing economies - rheumatic, often associated with aortic insufficiency and mitral stenosis, in developed economies - degenerative or calcific in those over 60, congenital bicuspid in 30-60 years
• Aortic regurgitation


  Due to aortic root dilation, valve abnormality, congenital bicuspid, previous infective endocarditis, syphilis, rheumatic is a rare cause of isolated AR
• Tricuspid and pulmonary valve structural valve disease is rare