A diseased heart valve that fails to close (regurgitation) or fails to open fully (stenosis), or a combination of these
Specific valve lesions
MS (mitral stenosis)
MR (mitral regurgitation)
AS (aortic stenosis)
AR (aortic regurgitation)
TS (tricuspid stenosis)
TR (tricuspid regurgitation)
PS (pulmonary stenosis)
PR (pulmonary regurgitation)
Most common causes of each valve lesion
Congenital - born abnormal
Rheumatic fever - Rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
Infection - infective endocarditis, syphilis
Degeneration due to ageing
Connective tissue disease
Mitral stenosis
99% due to rheumatic heart disease, disease of developing countries, 1% due to congenital, tumor, thrombosis, drugs, radiation
Mitral regurgitation
50% due to rheumatic, also due to mitral valve prolapse, papillary muscle dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, congenital, infective endocarditis, calcification of mitral annulus
Aortic stenosis
In developing economies - rheumatic, often associated with aortic insufficiency and mitral stenosis, in developed economies - degenerative or calcific in those over 60, congenital bicuspid in 30-60 years
Aortic regurgitation
Due to aortic root dilation, valve abnormality, congenital bicuspid, previous infective endocarditis, syphilis, rheumatic is a rare cause of isolated AR
Tricuspid and pulmonary valve structural valve disease is rare
