STRUCTURAL STEEL

• Types of structural steel for residential, commercial, and buildings

  • Carbon Steel
  • Alloy Steel
  • High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel (HSLA)
  • Stainless Steel
  • Forged Steel
  • Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel
• Carbon Steel


  Most prevalent and widely used type of structural steel, contains carbon as the primary alloying element, comes in various grades like A36, A572, A992, and A500
• Standard Common Structural Steel Shapes


  • I-Beams
  • T-Shapes
  • C-Shapes
  • Hollow Structural Sections (HSS)
  • Plates
• Alloy Steel


  Incorporates elements like chromium, nickel, or molybdenum to enhance its properties, used for specialized applications
• High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel (HSLA)


  Provides a balance of strength and ductility, suitable for various structural applications including residential buildings
• Stainless Steel


  Known for its corrosion resistance and aesthetic appeal, commonly used in architectural features and decorative elements
• Forged Steel


  Created through a specialized process that improves its strength and toughness, commonly used in heavy-duty applications
• Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel


  Undergoes heat treatment to achieve high strength and hardness, suitable for load-bearing structures
• Tools and equipment needed for erection

  • Scaffolding
  • Lifting Slings
  • Carry Deck Crane
  • Derrick Crane
  • Crawler Crane
  • Bridge Reamers
  • Power/Impact Wrenches
  • Metal Cutting Tools
  • Welding Torch
• Scaffolding


  A temporary structure made from metal poles and wood planks, used to support construction workers, inspectors, cleaners, and others who need to work at height
• Lifting Sling


  Used with a lifting device or crane to lift objects effectively and safely, consists of cable, chain, rope or webbing, and includes metal devices such as hooks, shackles, links or rings
• Carry Deck Crane


  Smaller stature with 360° rotating booms, can easily hoist large amounts of materials in confined spaces
• Derrick Crane


  Used for moving materials vertically and horizontally, comprised of a hoisting mechanism and pulleys or sheaves to create a mechanical advantage to lift large loads
• Crawler Crane


  More suitable for lifting heavy loads and maintaining stability on soft or uneven ground
• Bridge Reamers


  Also called Construction Reamers, used to align existing holes prior to bolt or rivet installation, especially adapted for heavy duty reaming in structural steel fabrication
• Power/Impact Wrenches


  Used for tightening or loosening nuts quickly, essentially small handheld electric or pneumatic motors that can rotate socket wrenches at high speed
• Metal Cutting Tools


  Have a primary purpose of removing leftover material from a manufactured piece of metal by using the process of shear deformation
• Welding Torch


  Used to weld metals, welding metal results when two pieces are heated to a temperature that produces a shared pool of molten metal
• Steel Defects

  • Inclusions
  • Porosity
  • Cracks
  • Laminations
  • Seam
  • Scabs
  • Laps
  • Cold Shut
• Inclusions


  Non-metallic particles present in the steel, such as slag, oxides, and other impurities, can cause weakness and affect surface finish
• Porosity


  Presence of small holes or voids within the steel, can occur due to improper casting or welding techniques, and can cause weakness
• Cracks


  Can occur due to various factors including improper heat treatment, welding, and mechanical stress, can weaken the steel and make it more susceptible to failure
• Laminations


  Layers of steel that have separated from one another, creating a layered structure, can occur due to improper rolling or forging techniques, and can cause weakness
• Seam


  Surface defects that occur due to improper welding or casting, appear as a line on the surface and can weaken the steel
• Scabs


  Raised or depressed areas on the surface of the steel caused by improper rolling or forging, can weaken the steel and affect its surface finish
• Laps


  A type of surface defect that occurs when two layers of steel overlap one another, causing a raised area on the surface, can weaken the steel and affect its surface finish
• Cold Shut


  A type of defect that occurs when two streams of molten steel do not fuse together properly during casting, resulting in a partial fusion, can weaken the steel and affect its surface finish
• Types of Corrosion

  • Galvanic Corrosion
  • Localised Corrosion
  • General Corrosion
  • Pitting Corrosion
  • Crevice Corrosion
• Galvanic Corrosion


  Caused by two dissimilar metals connecting, the least noble metal corrodes while the more noble metal is protected, can deteriorate the structure very rapidly
• Localised Corrosion


  May occur anywhere on a steel surface with no obvious cause, examples include scratches in paintwork or modifications without correct recoating
• General Corrosion


  Uniform loss of material over a surface, while it looks in poor condition it often isn't affecting the structural component of the steel
• Pitting Corrosion


  Small corrosion craters in the steel where corrosion has been active for some time, can fully penetrate a steel flange or metal with a relatively small amount of visual damage
• Crevice Corrosion


  Occurs on a metal surface that is shielded from full exposure to the environment because of the close proximity of another material that forms a narrow gap between them
• Methodology of Erection

  1. Pre-Erection Phase

  2. Erection Phase

  3. Post Erection Phase
• Pre-Erection Phase


  1. Planning and Coordinates

  2. Material Delivery and Inspection

  3. Equipment Set-up
• Erection Phase

  1. Steel Member Lifting

  2. Alignment and Connection

  3. Progressive Assembly

  4. Quality Control
• Post Erection Phase


  1. Final Touches

  2. Clean-up and Documentation
• Additional considerations for erection: Safety, Weather Condition, Site Access
• Prices of Different Types of Steel

  • H Beam
  • I Beam, Wide Flange
  • Angle Bar
  • HSS Tubular Bar
  • T Bar
  • Flat Bar
  • C Channel
  • Round Bar
• Safety Signages for Installation

  • Danger Falling Objects
  • Safety Harness Required
  • Hard Hat Area
  • High Voltage
  • Authorized Personnel Only
  • Slippery When Wet
  • Emergency Exit
  • Fire Extinguisher
  • First Aid