Earth [AP, Sci.,]

• Layers of Earth


  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Outer core
  • Inner core
• Crust


  The outermost layer of earth, where we and other organisms live
• Types of Crust


  • Oceanic crust
  • Continental crust
• Earthquake


  Any sudden shaking of the ground that often occurs along geologic faults
• Focus or Hypocenter


  Where the earthquake begins
• Epicenter


  The point directly above the focus
• Tectonic earthquake


  Occurs when the Earth's crust breaks or moves due to geological forces
• Volcanic earthquake


  Results from tectonic forces related to volcanic activities
• Collapse earthquake

  Usually occurs in underground mines that are usually caused by seismic waves from rock explosions on Earth's surface
• Mantle


  The layer underneath the crust, which takes up the majority of the Earth's volume
• Heograpiya


  Geography in English
• There are three types of distance
• Forces


  Pushes or pulls that can cause objects to change their motion or shape
• Motion


  The change in position of an object with respect to its surroundings
• Sir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion


  17th century
• Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)

  • An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force
• Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration)

  • The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass
• Newton's Third Law (Law of Action-Reaction)


  • For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
• Types of Forces


  • Friction
  • Gravity
  • Tension
  • Applied Force
• A body in motion remains in motion or a body at rest remains at rest, unless acted upon by a force
• Balanced Forces


  When two or more forces acting on an object are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, the object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity
• Example of Balanced Forces


  • A book resting on a table with no external forces acting on it
• Unbalanced Forces


  When the forces acting on an object are unequal, there is a net force that causes the object to accelerate
• Example of Unbalanced Forces


  • Pushing a car to make it move
• Force equals mass times acceleration: F = m*a
• When work is done by an object, it loses energy. When work is done on an object, it gains energy.
• Work


  The product of the force applied and the displacement in the direction of that force
• Displacement


  A measure of the distance an object moves while considering the direction of motion
• Unit of Work

  Newton-meter (N-m), also known as joule (J)
• Sound waves can only move through matter - solids, liquids, and gases
• Speed of Sound


  Does not depend on the source but on the medium through which they move
• Factors that Affect Sound Speed

  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Density
• Series Circuit


  There is only one path for the electric current, and the resistance of the circuit increases as more components are added
• Parallel Circuit


  There are multiple paths for the electric current, and the resistance of the circuit decreases as more components are added
• Work is done if the object you push moves a distance in the direction towards which you are pushing it
• No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move
• No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move in the same direction as the force you exerted