Henry VIII Foreign Policy

• France (EARLY)

  SK1 = 1513 Battle of Spurs: Henry led 30,000 men to Calais and was successful in seizing the towns of Tournai and Therouanne

  SK2 = Under 1514 Anglo-French Treaty Henry was given Tournai, Louis agreed to pay rest of French pension (promised by Treaty of Etaples), and a marriage between Henry’s daughter Mary and Louis XII was arranged

  CSK = 1529 Peace of Cambrai was signed between France and Spain behind England’s back - in the long term England’s position was undermined as Henry was alienated from affairs
• Scotland (EARLY)

  SK1 = 1513 Battle of Flodden - James V and many Scottish nobles were killed

  SK2 = Henry’s sister Margaret was now queen regnant of Scotland

  CSK = In 1517 King Francis sent over the Duke of Albany (scottish claimant) to overthrow Margaret’s regency government - it was fragile

  CONSENSUS = In the 1518 Treaty of London Albany was expelled from Scotland
• Holy Roman Empire (EARLY)

  SK1 = 1518 Treaty of London was a guaranteed non-aggression and was signed by 20 countries - England was at the centre of diplomatic relations

  SK2 = 1521 Treaty of Bruges set out a marriage alliance between Mary and Charles

  CSK = 1525 Diplomatic Revolution Charles annulled his marriage with Mary
• Holy Roman Empire (LATE)

  SK1 = Death of Catherine of Aragon made relations between Charles and Henry ease

  SK2 = 1542 Anglo Imperial Treaty: Henry sides with HRE due to traditional rivalry with France - eliminates threat of crusade

  CSK = France and HRE signed the 1544 Treaty of Crepy ending their conflict thus making England vulnerable to attack from France
• Scotland (LATE)

  SK1 = Henry sent a huge army led by Norfolk to attack Scotland - huge victory at Solway Moss 1542 capturing many Scottish nobles

  SK2 = Seymour led a series of border raids against Scottish towns which were often set alight - the plan being to try and force the Scots into agreeing to the Treaties of Greenwich

  CSK = Seymour was not given enough troops to inflict serious damage - made Scots more determined to oppose England
• France (LATE)

  SK1 = In 1544 Henry led a 48,000 man army to capture Boulogne - symbolic victory as this was more than Charles or Francis had achieved during this period - also a strategic victory as Boulogne would be useful in defending Calais

  SK2 = 1546 Treaty of Camp/Ardres agreed England could keep Boulogne for 7 years and France had to pay all outstanding payments from the French pension

  CSK = Henry spent £2mil on war in the 1540s forcing him to take loans, debase the coinage, and tax heavily