PHYSIO LECTURE

• Is the study of function in living matter

  Physiology
• Fields of PHYSIOLOGY

  1. Viral physiolog 2. Bacterial physiology 3. Cellular physiology. 4.Plant physiology 5. Human physiology
• Human Physiology

  we explain the

  specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being
• The Cells


  The basic unit of the body, each organ is an aggregate of many different cells held together by intercellular supporting structures.
• HOMEOSTASIS


  means maintenance of static, or constant condition in the environment. All organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help to maintain these constant conditions.
• 3 components of Homeostasis

  -change detector

  -input and output

  -response
• The Extracellular Fluid-The Internal Environment

  60% of human body is fluid.
• 2 types of body fluids>

  • Intracellular Fluid

  • Extracellular Fluid
• What is Intracellular fluid?

  this is the fluid found inside the cell which constitute most of the 40% of the total body fluid.
• What is Extracellular Fluid?


  this is found in the spaces outside the cells, and is in constant motion throughout the body.
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


  transports nutrients to tissues (O2)
• GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

  -absorption of nutrients into the extracellular fluid.
• LIVER


  detoxification and storage of substances.
• MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM


  locomotion
• HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS OF THE MAJOR FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM

  1. The extracellular fluid transport system
  2. Origin of nutrients in the extracellular fluid
  3. Removal of metabolic end-products
  4. Regulation of body functions
  5. Reproduction
  6. Extraction of energy form nutrients (mitochondria)
  7. Locomotion or movements by the cells
• Removal of metabolic end-products

  1. Removal of Carbon dioxide by the lungs
  2. The kidneys removes different end products of metabolism and excess of ions and water that mights have accumulated in the extracellular fluid
• Regulation of body functions

  1. The nervous system- muscular and secretory activities.
  2. The hormones system- for metabolic function.
• Reproduction


  Maintain static conditions by generating new beings to take the place of ones that are dying.
• Extraction of energy from nutrients

  MITOCHONDRIA
• Ameboid locomotion


  Movements of an entire cell in relation to its surroundings, such as movement of WBC.
• Ciliary movements


  The whiplike movement of cilia in the surface of the cells.
• Ciliary movements occurs in:

  • respiratory airways
  • Uterine tubes
• Organization of the cell: 2 Major Parts

  Nucleus and Cytoplasm
• Nucleus


  separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane.
• Cytoplasm


  separated from the surrounding fluids by the cell membrane.
• Women have how many cells?

  28 trillion cells
• Men have how many cells?

  36 trillion cells
• Ages 10 years old have?

  17 trillion cells
• The principal medium of cell which is about 70 to 80%. It provides transport of substances from one part of the cell to another.

  water
• Provides inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions and for the operation of same cellular control mechanisms.

  Electrolytes
• • water
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates

  Chemical components
• Proteins


  the most abundant substance next to water, it constitutes 10 to 20% of the cell mass.
• 2 types of proteins:

  • structural proteins (fibrillar) which provides mechanisms of all muscles
  • global proteins (mainly enzymes)
• Other type of protein

  Nucleoproteins of the nucleus - contains DNA which contains the GENES
• What are 2 the most important lipids?

  Phospholipids and Cholesterol (constitutes 2% of the total cell mass.)
• Cells that contain large quantities of Triglycerides

  Neutral Fats
• Carbs


  Human cell do not maintain large stores of carbohydrates, usually averaging 1% of the total mass.
• Organelles


  Means that cells contains highly organized physical structures.
• 7.5-10nm (nanometer)


  cell membrane
• 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

  • granular (rough) E.R
  • agranular (smooth) E.R