sas 1-2

• Pharmacology


  Study of biological effects of chemicals
• Pharmakon


  Drug
• Logia


  Study/knowledge of
• Types of Drugs


  • Natural (plants, animals, minerals)
  • Synthetic (chemically created in laboratories)
• Pharmacotherapeutics


  Branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease
• Key concerns of Clinical Pharmacology

  • Drug effect on body
  • Body's response to drug
• Pharmaceutic Phase


  1. Disintegration

  2. Dissolution - liquid form
• Excipients


  Fillers and inert substances
• Pharmacokinetic


  1. Absorption

  2. Distribution

  3. Metabolism

  4. Excretion
• Passive absorption


  Does not require energy to move
• Active absorption


  Energy is required, requires a carrier such an enzyme or protein
• CYP450 (Cytochrome P450 Enzymes)


  Plays a crucial role in metabolism of drugs
• Pinocytosis


  A process which cells carry drugs
• Factors Affecting Absorption


  • Blood flow
  • Pain
  • Stress
  • Hunger
  • PH
• Phago


  Eat
• Pino


  Drink
• Distribution


  The process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues
• Factors Affecting Distribution


  • Perfusion Rate
  • Permeability of Membranes
  • Protein Binding
• Protein Binding


  Distribution of drugs within the plasma
• Protein Binding Levels


  • High Protein Bound (>90%)
  • Moderate Protein Bound (60-89%)
  • Low Protein Bound (<30%)
• Free (Active) Drug


  The portion of the drug that is not bound to proteins and is available to receptors
• High protein bound drugs are less effective
• Tissue Localization


  The distribution of drugs to different tissues in the body
• Blood-Brain Barrier


  A semi-permeable membrane in the CNS that protects the brain from foreign substances
• Highly lipid-soluble drugs are able to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier
• During pregnancy, both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble drugs can cross the placental barrier, which can affect the mother and fetus
• The risk-benefit ratio should be considered before drugs are given during pregnancy
• During lactation, drugs can be secreted into breast milk
• Metabolism


  The breakdown of the drug
• Factors Affecting Metabolism


  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Circadian Rhythms
  • Effects of Gender and Age
• Excretion


  The process where drugs are removed from the body
• Organs/Routes of Excretion


  • Kidneys
  • Lungs
  • Intestines
  • Sweat
  • Saliva
  • Breast milk
• GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)


  Measure of kidney function
• Creatinine clearance (CLcr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)


  Common tests used to determine renal functions
• Plasma Half-Life


  The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one-half of the peak level it previously achieved
• Plasma half-life determines the appropriate timing for a drug dose or the duration of a drug's effect on the body
• Factors Affecting Plasma Half-Life

  • Absorption rate
  • Distribution to the tissues
  • Biotransformation
  • Excretion
• Pharmacodynamics


  The science dealing with interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs, that enter those systems
• Effects of Drugs


  • Therapeutic/Desired Effect
  • Adverse drug reaction (ADR)
  • Adverse event
  • Side-effect
• Therapeutic/Desired Effect


  Curative<|>Supportive<|>Substitutive<|>Chemotherapeutic<|>Restorative