21`st Century ( Lesson 1)

• Littera

  Derived from the Latin word meaning "a letter of the alphabet"
• Literature


  Traditionally defined as a body of writing, works associated with imaginative and creative work or poetry and prose, can be classified by language, national origin, historical period, genre and subject matter
• Literature


  • Can be in oral or written form, oral literature handed down from one generation to another, later transformed into written form
• Literary devices


  • Such as metaphor and symbolism
• Literary text


  Product of written literature, can be considered literary if it has elements of psychological characterization
• Characteristics of literary text

  • It narrates a story
  • It expresses feeling, thought, and ideas which can be based on the author's or others' imaginational or real life experience
  • It delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, place, culture and languages
• Literary structures


  Refers to the organizational method used in literature
• Content


  Not only limited to connected text and form, but may also refer to general features or characteristics of genre, style, a specific literary trend, literature as an art and finally, art as a whole
• Major forms of literature

  • Poetry
  • Prose
• Poetry


  Usually written in verse, characterized by rhythm, sound, imagery, and form
• Types of poetry


  • Narrative poetry
  • Dramatic poetry
  • Lyric poetry
• Narrative poetry


  Tells a story and has elements of narrative, such as characters, setting, conflict, etc.
• Dramatic poetry


  Emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be recited or sung in front of an audience by a character speaking
• Lyric poetry


  The most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a story
• Prose


  Applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures, mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in paragraph form
• Types of prose


  • Fiction
  • Non-fiction
• Fiction


  Product of the writer's imagination and creative thinking, where characters react to various issues central to the main idea of a literary work
• Genres of fiction


  • Short story
  • Novel
  • Novella
  • Crime
  • Fantasy
  • Romance
  • Science fiction
  • Western
  • Inspirational
  • Historical fiction
  • Horror
• Non-fiction


  Stories inspired by real events, where the writer's aim is to present, interpret, or describe experience based on facts
• Forms of non-fiction


  • Essays
  • Journals
  • Diaries
  • Feature articles
  • Editorials
• Literary Periods


  • Pre-Spanish Period
  • Spanish Period
  • American Period
  • Japanese Period
  • Period of Enlightenment
  • Period of Activism
  • Period of the New Society
  • Period of the Third Republic
  • Post-EDSA Revolution
  • 21st Century
• Our forefathers already had their literature, which reflected in their customs and traditions
• They had their alphabet even before they had colonized
• The Spanish friars burned their alphabet in the belief that they were works of the devil
• Our unique geographic location is the reason why we are rich and varied
• Pre-Spanish Literature


  Characterized by folk tales, the Epic Age, and folk songs
• Folk tales


  • The Moon and the Sun
• The Epic Age


  Long narrative poems about heroic achievements or events
• Folk Songs


  One of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period
• Literature in this period may be classified as religious prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry
• The first Filipino alphabet, called Alibata, was replaced by the Roman alphabet
• The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices
• European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros
• Spanish Influences On Philippine Literature

  Influenced the use of the Roman alphabet and religious practices
• Recreational Plays


  Performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times, mostly in poetic form
• Recreational Plays


  • Cenaculo
  • Panunuluyan
  • Salubong
  • Zarzuela
• In the 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ilustrados began to write about the hitch of colonization
• The Propaganda Movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class
• Writings of Rizal


  • Noli Me Tangere
  • Mi Ultimo Adios
  • Sobre La Indolencia Delos Filipinos
  • Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años
• Writings of Del Pilar

  • Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
  • Kaingat Kayo
  • Dasalan at Tocsohan