Science

• Fungi


  Can be both unicellular and multicellular; do not perform photosynthesis; decompose organic material and absorb their nutrients
• Parts of a compound microscope

  • Eyepiece (Ocular Lens)
  • Eyepiece Tube (Body Tube)
  • Nosepiece
  • Objective Lenses
  • Arm
  • Stage
  • Stage clips
  • Diaphragm (Iris Diaphragm)
  • Coarse Focus Adj. Knob
  • Fine Focus Adj. Knob
  • Condenser
  • Illuminator
  • Base
• Eyepiece (Ocular Lens)


  Where you look through, and it magnifies the image of the specimen
• Eyepiece Tube (Body Tube)


  It holds and connects the eyepiece to the objective lens
• Nosepiece


  Holds the objective lenses, sometimes called a revolving turret
• Objective Lenses


  Microscopes with 3-4 objective lenses that revolve on the nosepiece, common powers of 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x
• Arm


  Connects the base to the nosepiece and eyepiece. It is used to carry the microscope
• Stage


  It is where the specimen is placed. This place is for observation
• Stage clips


  Hold the slides in place on the stage
• Diaphragm (Iris Diaphragm)


  Controls the amount of light passing through the slide. It is located below the stage and is usually controlled by a round dial
• Coarse Focus Adj. Knob

  Moves the stage to provide general focus on the specimen
• Fine Focus Adj. Knob


  Moves the stage in smaller increments to provide a clear view of the specimen
• Condenser


  It focuses the light onto the specimen
• Illuminator


  Most light microscopes use a low voltage bulb which supplies light through the stage and onto the specimen. Mirrors are sometimes used instead of built-in light
• Base


  It is the main support of the microscope. The bottom is where all the other parts of the microscope stand
• Total Magnification


  Calculated by multiplying the eyepiece's power by the objective lens's power
• Properties of Life


  • Homeostasis
  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Growth and Development
  • Adaptation and Evolution
  • Response
  • Reproduction
• Homeostasis


  Maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment
• Levels of Organization


  • Atom
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
• Metabolism


  Total of biochemical reactions in an organism (Everything that happens inside our body)
• Types of Metabolism


  • Anabolic (small to big, build)
  • Catabolic (big to small, break down/cut)
• Growth and Development


  Regulated growth, cells become larger in size, and accumulate many cells
• Adaptation and Evolution


  To be better fit and survive the conditions of the environment
• Theories of Evolution


  • Natural Selection (Darwin)
  • Theory of Use and Disuse (Lamarck)
• Response


  "irritability," can respond to stimuli or changes in their environment
• Types of Reproduction


  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Asexual Reproduction
• Prokaryotic Cells


  DNA not enclosed, only nucleoid region; no membrane-bound organelles; no true nucleus; includes bacteria
• Eukaryotic Cells


  DNA confined in a nucleus with double membrane; membrane bound organelles (rough and smooth ER, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, mitochondria, lysosomes (in animal cells), chloroplast (plant cells); with a nucleus (DNA); include animals, plants, fungi, protist
• Differences between Animal and Plant Cells

  • Animal Cell - can be any shape; no cell walls; small vacuole; no chloroplast; flagella; lysosome
  • Plant Cell - boxy or square-shaped; cell wall; large vacuole; chloroplast; flagella only in gametes
• Similarities between Animal and Plant Cells


  • Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Smooth and Rough ER, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, DNA
• Types of Cell Organelles

  • Organelles without membrane: Cell wall, Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton
  • Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Double membrane-bound organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
• Common Cell Organelles


  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Ribosome
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Body
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Chloroplast
  • Centrosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Peroxisome
• Types of Cells


  • Adipose cell
  • Blood cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Skin cells
• Cell Theory


  • All living organisms are composed of (unicellular) or more (multicellular) cells
  • A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells
• Updated Cell Theory


  • All living organisms are made of cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of life
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells
  • Hereditary information is passed from cells
  • All cells have the basic chemical composition
  • Energy flow occurs within cells
• Cell Cycle


  1. G1

  2. S

  3. G2

  4. M
• Cell Division


  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
• Mitosis


  One cell division; Produces two daughter cells; Produces diploid cells; Daughter cells are genetically identical; Produces body cells; No crossing-over occurs; Homologous chromosomes do not pair up
• Meiosis


  Two cell divisions; Produces four daughter cells; Produces haploid cells; Daughter cells are non-identical; Produces sex cells; Crossing-over occurs; Homologous chromosomes do not pair up
• Diploid Cells


  Cells that have two sets of chromosomes; Each set is donated from one parent; Chromosomes in each set are homologous