RNA AND DNA

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)


  A long polymer with a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone having four distinct bases: thymine, adenine, cytosine and guanine
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)


  A polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone with four varying bases: uracil, cytosine, adenine and guanine
• DNA


  • Located in the nucleus of a cell and in the mitochondria
  • Function is the transmission of genetic information and acts as a medium for long-term storage
• RNA


  • Found in the cytoplasm, nucleus and in the ribosome
  • Critical for the transmission of the genetic code necessary for protein creation from the nucleus to the ribosome
• Genes


  Formed by the order of the nitrogenous bases present in the DNA which is crucial for protein synthesis
• Types of DNA

  • A-DNA
  • B-DNA
  • C-DNA
  • D-DNA
  • Z-DNA
• tRNA


  Carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation
• mRNA


  Encodes amino acid sequences of a polypeptide
• rRNA

  Produces ribosomes with the ribosomal proteins that are organelles responsible for the translation of the mRNA
• snRNA


  Forms complexes along with proteins which are utilized in RNA processing in eukaryotes
• Proteins


  Some are enzymes that aid cells by catalyzing chemical reactions

  Cells use proteins to maintain their shape and to speed up important chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and respiration
• Cells will not live long if they cannot reliably create the proteins that they need for survival
• DNA


  Located in the nucleus of a cell and in the mitochondria
• RNA


  Found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and also in ribosomes
• Propagation in DNA and RNA

  DNA is capable of self-replication but RNA cannot self-replicate, instead it is synthesized from DNA (DNA transcription) when required
• Similarity between DNA and RNA

  • Three out of the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA are the same (cytosine, adenine, guanine)
  • They both possess a phosphate backbone to which the bases attach
• Why DNA is a better genetic material than RNA

  The deoxyribose sugar of DNA contains one less oxygen-containing hydroxyl group, making DNA a more stable nucleic acid<|>RNA contains ribose sugar and is more reactive than DNA
• Plant hormone that helps in making RNA and protein

  Cytokinin
• Cytokinin functions naturally in conjunction with auxins, and in the presence of auxins, it promotes cell division and development
• Cytokinin enables awakening seeds from their dormancy
• Proper Noun


  A name of a specific person, place, or thing (e.g. John, London, Google)
• Common Noun


  A general term for people, places, or things (e.g. dog, city, chair)
• Collective Noun


  A group of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, team, flock)
• Abstract Noun


  An intangible thing, such as an emotion or concept (e.g. happiness, freedom)
• He


  A pronoun replacing a male noun (e.g. instead of saying "John", you say "he")
• She


  A pronoun replacing a female noun (e.g. instead of saying "Sarah", you say "she")
• It


  A pronoun replacing a non-human noun (e.g. instead of saying "book", you say "it")
• They


  A pronoun replacing a plural noun (e.g. instead of saying "people", you say "they")
• CAN


  Able to do something or permission granted (e.g. "I can speak French", "You can go to the party")
• CANNOT (or CAN'T)


  Inability or lack of permission (e.g. "I cannot speak Spanish", "You can't drive at night")
• MAY

  Permission or possibility (e.g. "She may go to the movies", "It may rain tomorrow")
• MIGHT


  Possibility or speculation (e.g. "He might be late", "It might be a good idea")
• SHALL


  Obligation, permission, or future action (e.g. "You shall attend the meeting", "She shall be notified tomorrow")
• SHOULDN'T (or SHOULN'T)


  Obligation or necessity (e.g. "You shouldn't eat too much sugar", "They shouldn't have left without telling us")
• WILL


  Villiness, determination, or future action (e.g. "I will attend the concert", "They will be at the party tonight")
• Conditional Sentences


  A sentence that describes a condition and its consequence, often using a modal verb like WOULD, COULD, or MIGHT (e.g. "If I studied harder, I would pass the exam")
• Future Indicative


  A sentence that describes a future event or action, often using a modal verb like SHALL or WILL (e.g. "They will close the restaurant at 10 PM tomorrow")
• First Conditional


  A sentence that describes a probability or likelihood that will happen in the future (e.g. "If it rains, I will take an umbrella")
• Second Conditional


  A sentence that describes a hypothetical or unlikely situation and its consequence (e.g. "If I won the lottery, I would buy a house")
• Password Phrases


  A set of phrases using modal verbs to express different ideas (e.g. "She can speak fluent French" - ability, "It might rain tomorrow" - possibility, "He boulders to finish his project" - strong desire)