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• Congratulations to all our reviewees who passed the Agriculturists' Licensure Examination in the past. Also, our gratitude to the lecturers who contributed their knowledge in preparing this review book. This third Reviewer features the latest update of materials which can help students prepare for the licensure examination.
• Again, wishing you all the good luck and success in your chosen profession!
• Introduction to anatomy and physiology of farm animals

  • External anatomy
  • Internal anatomy
• Internal anatomy of farm animals

  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Respiratory system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system
  • Digestive system
  • Integumentary system
• Nutrition


  Definition of terms: nutrition, food, nutrients, digestion, absorption, metabolism
• Gross chemical composition of plant and animal tissues


  • Elemental composition
  • Proximate composition
• The Nutrients


  • Water
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
• Ration formulation


  1. Pointers in feed formulation

  2. Pearson square method

  3. Trial and error method
• Slaughtering and fabrication


  • Basic principles of selecting animals for slaughter
  • Handling prior to slaughter
  • Basic requirements in slaughtering
  • Meat fabrication
• Composition of Meat, Milk and Eggs

  • General characteristics
  • Composition - Common test
  • Constituents - Separation of Constituents
  • Value of foods
• Basic Principles of Proper Handling and Processing of Meat and Milk

  1. Causes for deterioration

  2. Processing of milk

  3. Processing of meat
• Marketing of Livestock and Livestock Products

  • Marketing live animals
  • Marketing livestock products
• Poultry Production


  • Breeds and breeding
  • Feeds and feeding
  • Health management
  • Housing
  • Broiler production
  • Layer production
• Swine Production


  • Breeds and breeding
  • Feeds and feeding
  • Health management
  • Housing
• Ruminant Production


  • Breeds and breeding
  • Feeds and feeding
  • Health management
  • Housing
  • Beef production
  • Dairy production
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of static or constant conditions in the environment
• Homeostasis is a key word in the study of modern physiology
• Bones


  • A highly specialized supportive tissue which is characterized by its rigidity and hardness
• Four main functions of bones

  • To provide support (e.g. ribs)
  • To permit locomotion (e.g. long bones)
  • To provide protection (e.g. skull)
  • To act as metabolic reservoir
• Composition of bone


  • Cells
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
• Osteogenic cells


  Mesenchymal cells located in the inner layer of the periosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts


  Bone secreting cells that first secrete the amorphous and fibrous components of unmineralized bone and later deposit calcium to mineralize or harden the bone
• Osteocytes


  Mature bone cells that stop secreting the bone substance and are trapped in spaces called lacunae in the bone substance during mineralization. Their main function is to maintain the integrity of the bone by supplying nutrients derived from the blood vessels in the canaliculi.
• Osteoclasts


  Remodeling cells which are multinucleate in structure and located in a concavity called the Howship's lacuna at the bone surface
• Osteoid


  A non-mineral matrix of collagen and glycosaminoglycan
• Inorganic mineral salts are deposited within the osteoid matrix
• Types of bones


  • Cancellous (spongy) bone
  • Compact (lamellar) bone
• Cancellous (spongy) bone


  Consisting of few trabeculae and many interosseous spaces
• Compact (lamellar) bone


  Consisting of extensive lamellae and fewer interosseous spaces. This bone develops into existing trabeculae to form layers called lamellae.
• Osteon or Haversian system


  The basic unit structure of compact bone, consisting of a central Haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers (lamellae) of bone substance with embedded bone canaliculi containing the cytoplasmic processes of the osteocytes
• Osteogenesis


  1. The process by which bone is formed through the secretory activity of the osteoblasts

  2. Intramembranous ossification: bone develops in pre-existing mesenchymal connective tissue

  3. Endochondral ossification: bones develop from pre-existing cartilage, responsible for longitudinal bone growth
• Epiphyseal plate (epiphyseal line)


  Site of bone growth in long bones, composed of zones of growth, cartilage transformation, and ossification
• Classification of bones based on gross appearance

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Sesamoid bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Pneumatic bones
• Functions of different bone types

  • Long bones: act as levers, provide support and locomotion
  • Short bones: absorb concussion
  • Flat bones: protect vital organs, provide areas for muscle attachment
  • Sesamoid bones: reduce friction, change course of tendons
  • Irregular bones: provide protection and support, allow muscle attachment
• Skeletal systems


  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
• Nervous system


  • Controls rapid activities of the body
  • Composed of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Types of nerve cells (neurons)

  • Afferent (sensory) neurons
  • Efferent (motor) neurons
  • Interneurons
• Divisions of the nervous system

  • Central nervous system (CNS)
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Divisions of the PNS

  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
• Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system