Matter

• Molecule


  A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
• Physical Changes


  • Freezing (l -> s)
  • Boiling (l -> g)
  • Melting (s -> l)
  • Vaporization (l -> g)
  • Condensation (g -> l)
  • Sublimation (s -> g)
  • Deposition (g -> s)
  • Evaporation (l -> g)
  • Dissolution
• Chemical Changes


  • Corrosion
  • Combustion
  • Oxidation
  • Neutralization
• Combustion


  Burning of methane, CH4, to produce carbon dioxide, CO2
• Oxidation


  Iron, Fe, reacts with oxygen, O2, to form rust, Fe2O3
• Neutralization


  Reaction between hydrochloric acid, HCl, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, to produce water, H2O, and sodium chloride, NaCl
• Solid


  • Fixed shape
  • Definite volume
  • High density
  • Very slow diffusion
  • Difficult compressibility
• Liquid


  • Varying shape
  • Definite volume
  • High density
  • Moderate diffusion
  • Moderate compressibility
• Gas


  • Varying shape
  • Not definite volume
  • Low density
  • Easily diffuses
  • Easy compressibility
• Plasma


  • Highly-charged particles
  • Extremely high kinetic energy
  • Most common state of matter in the universe
• Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)


  • Man-made state of matter
  • Atoms act like a single giant particle
  • Formed near absolute zero
• Methods to separate mixtures

  • Filtration
  • Evaporation
  • Sieving
  • Centrifugation
  • Distillation
  • Crystallization
  • Sublimation
  • Chromatography
  • Physical Manipulation
• Homogenous mixture


  Uniform proportion or equally separated molecules
• Heterogenous mixture


  Non-uniform composition with visible boundaries
• Colloid


  Has dispersed particles that remain scattered
• Suspension


  Settles quickly when left undisturbed
• Physical Properties


  • Mass
  • Weight
  • Volume
  • Amount of Matter
  • Heat Capacity
  • Density
  • Melting Point
  • Boiling Point
  • Freezing Point
• Chemical Properties


  • Acidity and Basicity
  • Reactivity with Acids
  • Solubility in Water
  • Flammability
  • Heat of Combustion
  • Electronegativity
  • Corrosiveness
• Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)


  Describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in constant, random motion
• Ideal Gas


  A gas that conforms to the ideal gas law
• 1 atm = 760 mmHg
• 1 atm = 760 Torr
• 1 atm = 101.325 kPa (101,325 Pa)
• Boyle’s Law


  Pressure inversely proportional to volume
• Charles’ Law


  Volume directly proportional to absolute temperature
• Gay-Lussac’s Law


  Absolute temperature directly proportional to pressure
• Avogadro’s Law


  Volume directly proportional to amount of gas
• Combined Gas Law


  Pressure inversely proportional to volume, directly proportional to temperature
• Ideal/Perfect/General Gas Law


  The product of pressure and volume equals the product of absolute temperature and the universal gas constant