Biology p1 p2

Subdecks (2)

Cards (128)

  • Cells
    Tiny building blocks that make up all living things
  • Types of cells
    • Prokaryotic
    • Eukaryotic
  • Prokaryotic cells
    • Simple and small
    • Genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus
    • Do not have membrane-bound organelles
  • Prokaryotic cells
    • Bacteria
    • Archaea
  • Eukaryotic cells

    • Complex and larger
    • Genetic material is inside a nucleus
    • Have membrane-bound organelles for specific functions
  • Eukaryotic cells
    • Plants
    • Animals
    • Fungi
    • Protists
  • Prokaryotic cells are simpler and lack organelles, while eukaryotic cells are more complex and have organelles that help with different tasks
  • Understanding the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells helps us learn more about living things
  • Animal cell
    • Does not have a cell wall
    • Does not have chloroplasts
    • Does not have large central vacuoles
  • Plant cell
    • Has a cell wall made of cellulose
    • Has chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
    • Has large central vacuoles
  • Animal cells
    Do not have a cell wall, chloroplasts, or large central vacuoles
  • Plant cells
    Have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles
  • Organisms
    can be Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
  • Prokaryotic
    single-celled organien
  • Plant and Animal Cells have Similarities and Differences
  • Plant cells usually have all the bits that animal cells have, plus a few extra things that animal cells don't have
    • Rigid cell wall-made of cellulose. It supports the cell and strengthens it.
    • Permanent vacuole - contains cell sap. {a week solution of sugar and salts}. cell sap is a very strong substance which helps keep the cell turgid.
    • Chloroplasts- these are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant (see page 57). They contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis.
  • Bacterial Cells Are Much Smaller
  • Bacterial cell structure
    • Cell membrane
    • Cell wall
    • Cytoplasm
  • Bacteria don't have chloroplasts or mitochondria.
  • Bacterial cells don't have a 'true' nucleus-instead they have single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm. They may also contain one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids
  • Cell Differentiation
    The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
  • Cell Specialisation
    As cells change, they devote and fum into different tubes of o
  • In meet acinal cell, fe abdly to differentiate is than out at an early stage, offer they become specialised
  • However, lots of plant cells dan ever one this city.
  • The calls fal diflorendale in betania are mainly used forming and mack, wh as akin or blood cells.
  • Stem cells
    Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells and differentiate into different types of cell
  • Examples of Specialised Cells

    • SPERM CELLS are specialood for REPRODUCTION
    • NERVE CELLS are specialized for RAPID SIGNALLING
    • MUSCLE CELLS are specialised for CONTRACTION
    • ROOT HAIR CELLS are specialised for absorbing WATER and MINERALS
    • PHLOEM and XYLEM CELLS are specialised for TRANSPORTING SUBSTANCES
  • Chromosomes
    Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules that contain genetic information
  • Body cells normally have two copies of each ohromosome-one from the organism's 'mother', and one from its father'.
  • The Cell Cycle
    1. Growth & DNA Replication
    2. Mitosis
  • Multicellular organisme use mitosis to grow or replace cells that have been damaged.
  • The end of the cell cycle results in two new cells identical to the original cell, with the same number of chromosomes.
  • Embryonic Stem Cells
    Can turn into ANY Type of Cell
  • Adult Stem Cells
    Can only turn into certain cell types, not any cell type
  • Stem cells from embryos and bone marrow can be grown in a lab to produce clones (enefically identical cals) and made to differentials into specialised calls to use in medicine or research.
  • Potential uses of Stem Cells
    • Replace faulty blood cells
    • Replace insulin-producing cells for diabetes
    • Replace nerve cells for spinal injuries
  • Arguments against Stem Cell Research
    • Embryos are potential human lives and shouldn't be used for experiments
    • Curing existing patients is more important than rights of embryos
    • Scientists should focus on developing other sources of stem cells instead
  • In some countries stem cell research is banned. It's allowed in the UK as long as it follows strict guidelines.
  • Plant Stem Cells
    Found in the meristems (parts of the plant where growth occurs) and can differentiate into any plant cell type
  • Stem cells can be used to grow more plants of rare species and to grow crops of identical plants with desired features