L32 Brain, Cerebrum and Meninges

• Functions of brain

  -personality

  -motor function

  -planning and organization
• what is meninges ?


  coverings of the brain that lie horizontally internal cranium
• state the 3 layers of meninges and briefly describe it

  -dura mater : dense connective tissue

  -arachnoid : weblike membrane

  -pia mater : translucent vasculated membrane
• state 3 functions of meninges

  -protect central nervous system

  -form partition in skull

  -contain cerebrospinal fluid
• describe dura mater

  -consists outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer

  -large volume sinuses form
• state the meningeal layer that reflect and form dural infoldings and its description

  falx cerebri - separate two hemisphere

  falx cerebelli - separate two cerebellum

  tentorium cerebelli - cover cerebellum and occipital

  diaphragm sellae - roofs over pituitary fossa
• what is venous sinus ?

  endothelium lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layer
• state 3 unpaired venous sinuses

  -superior sagittal sinus

  -inferior sagittal sinus

  -straight sinus
• state 3 paired venous sinuses

  -transverse sinus

  -sigmoid sinus

  -cavernous sinus
• differentiate intracranial and extracranial communications

  intracranial vs extracranial communications

  Location : Inside the cranium (skull) vs Outside the cranium

  Structures involved : Brain, spinal cord, meninges vs Nerves, blood vessels, muscles

  Function : Communication within the CNS vs Communication between CNS and body
• explain briefly when cavernous sinus undergoes sepsis or thrombosis

  -spread of infection from lips and face

  -involves facial and ophthalmic veins

  -deep infection might occur involved pterygoid venous plexus

  -blockage of venous drainage causes oedema of eyelids and marked
• state parts of brain and its cerebrum

  forebrain - telencephalon, diencephalon

  midbrain - mesencephalon

  hindbrain - rhombencephalon
• list the ventricular systems

  -lateral ventricles

  -3rd ventricle

  -4th ventricle
• benefit of brain floats in cerebrospinal fluid

  -support brain

  -acts as shock absorber
• describe cerebrum

  surface : convulated cerebral cortex

  depression between : gyri

  elevation of gyri : sulci
• components in gray and white matter nuclei

  grey matter : caudate nucleus, putamen

  white matter : corpus callosum, internal capsule
• component includes in cerebrum

  -paired cerebral hemisphere

  -diencephalon
• draw superolateral surface

  draw first then label

  A) precentral gyrus

  B) central sulcus

  C) postcentral gyrus

  D) lateral sulcus

  E) superior

  F) middle

  G) inferior

  H) temporal gyrus

  
• main sulci divides into lobes. state 3 of them

  -frontal

  -parietal

  -occipital
• label the sulci gyri

  A) central sulcus

  B) precentral gyrus

  C) postcentral gyrus

  D) anterior horizontal ramus

  E) parieto-occipital sulcus

  F) lateral sulcus

  G) anterior ascending ramus

  
• important of corpus callosum

  connect two hemisphere of cerebral cortex
• components in sagittal section

  -superior sagittal sinus

  -inferior sagittal sinus

  -straight sinus
• draw circle of Willis and label

  A) anterior cerebral artery

  B) middle cerebral artery

  C) posterior cerebral artery

  D) pontine

  E) posterior inferior cerebral artery

  F) anterior communication artery

  G) internal carotid artery

  H) basilar artery

  I) anterior inferior cerebellar artery

  J) vertebral artery

  K) anteror sinal artery

  
• functions of circle of willis

  -to equalise blood to various part of brain

  -to equalise pressure between ICA and VA
• circle of willis: artery to broca's and primary visual area

  to broca's area : middle cerebral artery

  to primary visual area : posterior cerebral artery
• describe distribution of the cerebral artery which supply this area

  ACA - Medial and superior portions of frontal and parietal lobes (movement, some sensation, emotion)

  MCA - Lateral surface of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes (movement, sensation, language, some vision)

  PCA - Occipital lobes (vision), temporal lobes (hearing, memory, emotion), thalamus, midbrain, choroid plexus

  A) A

  B) P

  C) M

  D) A

  E) M

  F) P

  G) A

  H) M

  I) M

  J) P