ANAPHY 1

• Anatomy


  Investigates body structure, the term means to dissect
• Physiology


  Investigates processes and functions, studies the human organism
• Systemic Physiology


  Studies body organ-systems
• Cellular Physiology


  Studies body cells
• Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

  • Understand how the body responds to stimuli, environmental changes, environmental cues, diseases, injury
• Types of Anatomy


  • Systemic
  • Regional
  • Surface
  • Anatomical imaging
• Structural and Functional Organization

  1. Chemical

  2. Cellular

  3. Tissues

  4. Organs

  5. Organ-System

  6. Organism
• Major Organs of the Body


  • Shown in Figure 1.2
• Organ Systems of the Body

  • Shown in Figure 1.3
• Characteristics of Life


  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
• Variables


  Measures of body properties that may change in value
• Normal range


  Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
• Set point


  Normal, or average value of a variable
• Set points can be temporarily adjusted


  Depending on body activities, as needed
• Negative feedback


  Main mechanism used for homeostatic regulation, involves detection of deviation and correction toward set point
• Components of feedback


  1. Receptor

  2. Control center

  3. Effector
• Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response, not directly used for homeostasis
• Anatomical position


  Person standing erect with face and palms forward, all relational descriptions based on this
• Directional Terms


  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial
  • Deep
• Body Planes


  • Sagittal
  • Median
  • Transverse
  • Frontal
• Body Regions


  • Upper limbs
  • Lower limbs
  • Central region
• Subdivisions of the abdomen shown in Figure 1.10
• Body Cavities


  • Thoracic cavity
  • Mediastinum
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Pelvic cavity
• Serous Membranes


  Line trunk cavities, cover organs, include visceral and parietal membranes with a fluid-filled cavity between
• Three sets of serous membranes and cavities are the pericardium/pericardial cavity, pleura/pleural cavity, and peritoneum/peritoneal cavity
• Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity


  • Visceral pericardium covers heart, parietal pericardium is thick and fibrous, pericardial cavity reduces friction
• Pleura and Pleural Cavity

  • Visceral pleura covers lungs, parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax, pleural cavity reduces friction and adheres lungs to thoracic wall
• Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

  • Visceral peritoneum covers and anchors organs, parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity reduces friction