unit 4: aos 1

• describe what the world bank’s system of classifying countries is:

  classifies countries as either high, middle (upper or lower) or low income, based on thresholds that have been established
• what does GNI mean?

  ‘the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country’.
• define economic characteristics

  relating to finance and economic productivity in a country
• define social characteristics

  relates to the social environment
• define environmental characteristics

  relates to the physical environment
• economic characteristics of high income countries (4)

  Lower levels of poverty

  • Wide range of industries
  • Opportunities for global trade
  • High average incomes
• economic characteristics of middle income countries

  • Moderate average income
  • Transitioning towards low levels of debt
  • → greater opportunities for global trade
  • → low levels of poverty
  • Moderate range of national industries
• economic characteristics of low income countries

  • Low average incomes
  • High levels of debt
  • Few opportunities for global trade
  • High levels of poverty
  • Narrow range of national industrie
• social characteristics of high income countries

  • Higher level of gender equality
  • Low birth rate & population growth
  • High levels of employment
  • High education levels
  • Developed social security systems
  • Developed health systems
  • Access to technology
  • Developed legal system
• social characteristics of middle income countries

  • → high levels of employment
  • → high levels of education
  • Increasing social support systems
  • → lower birth rates
  • → a developed healthcare system
  • → greater access to technology
  • → developed legal & political systems
• social characteristics of low income countries (8)

  • Inadequate access to employment
  • 🙁to education
  • 🙁social support systems
  • High birth rates
  • Underdeveloped healthcare systems
  • 🙁to technology
  • Underdeveloped legal & political systems
  • More likely to have a history of colonialism
• environmental characteristics of high income countries (5)

  • Access to safe water and sanitation
  • Food security
  • Adequate housing
  • Adequate infrastructure
  • High levels of CO2 emissions
• environmental characteristics of middle income countries

  • →adequate infrastructure
  • → complete access to clean water for all citizens
  • →complete sanitation for all
  • →greater access to food for all
  • →increase in agricultural productivity
• environmental characteristics of low income countries

  a

  • 🙁infrastructure
  • 🙁to safe drinking water
  • 🙁to sanitation
  • 🙁to food
  • 🙁agricultural productivity
• similarities in HS and BOD in low-, middle- and high-income countries (including AUS)

  • Life expectancy is increasing in all income groups.
  • Infant, U5 and maternal MR are decreasing in all income groups.
  • Non-communicable diseases account for the greatest proportion of deaths in all countries.
  • Rates of obesity and associated conditions are increasing in all income groups.
• differences in HS and BOD in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, including AUS

  • LE generally fluctuates more in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries.
  • LE is considerably higher in high-income countries than in low-income countries
  • MR (inc infant, U5 and maternal) increase as average income decreases.
  • MR due to infectious diseases are higher in low-income countries.
  • The rate of YLD, YLL and DALY increases as average income increases.
• factors that contribute to similarities and differences in HS and BOD

  • access to safe water
  • sanitation
  • poverty
  • inequality - religion, sex, sexual orientation, race, gender identity
  • global marketing and distribution of alcohol, tobacco and processed foods
• define access to safe water

  a

  water free from contamination from disease-causing pathogens
• define poverty

  those living on less than US$1.90 per day
• define sanitation

  providing facilities and services for safely disposing of human urine and faeces
• define racial discrimination

  when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race or colour
• define sexual orientation

  the sex that an individual is attracted to
• define gender identity

  how people perceive themselves
• how does access to safe water impact HS

  those from low-income countries are less likely to have access to safe drinking water, increasing morbidity rates associated with diarrheal diseases (cholera)

  safe water is required for adequate nutrition, those who experience limited access to safe water have higher mortality rates due to undernutrition
• how does access to safe water impact BOD

  women often have to trek long distances to collect water, contributing to the development of physical ailments, increasing YLD associated with musculoskeletal conditions (gout)

  places with stagnant water are more likely to have a higher rate of malaria, a life-threatening disease, increasing YLL
• how does access to safe water impact H+W

  countries with limited access to safe water are more likely to develop infections from bacteria due to unsafe water consumption, increasing their chances of developing illnesses such as cholera and impacting physical health.
• how does sanitation impact HS

  countries with inadequate sanitation have a higher risk of developing Hepatitis A, contributing to higher mortality rates

  due to lack of proper sanitation, there is an increase in mortality rates from Cholera due to poor conditions, ultimately decreasing life expectancy
• how does sanitation impact BOD

  there is an increase risk of diarrheal diseases which causes eventual malnutrition contributing to higher YLD

  as there are more people dying from infectious diseases such as Cholera, YLL increases
• how does sanitation impact H+W

  poor sanitation inc the risk of Polio, increasing the likelihood of school absences, causes students to feel behind in school, increasing stress and anxiety (mental)
• how does poverty impact HS

  being unable to afford nutritious foods increases mortality associated with malnutrition

  being unable to afford healthcare decreases the amount of ppl able to be vaccinated against conditions such as COVID-19, increasing incidence of COVID among populations
• how does poverty impact BOD

  a

  more ppl dying from malnutrition increases YLL due to premature death

  certain conditions may be left undetected due to being unable to afford healthcare, causing ppl to endure symptoms of hypertension, increasing YLD
• how does poverty impact H+W

  a

  poverty creates financial stress over being unable to afford food (mental)
• how does inequality: race impact HS

  a

  those who are racially discriminated against may be limited access to appropriate healthcare, causing lower life expectancy as they aren’t able to receive the care they need
• how does inequality:race impact BOD

  a

  those who are racially discriminarted against may come to a point of being displaced, making them vulnerable of catching influenza, increasing YLD
• how does inequality:race impact H+W

  a

  due to being discriminated against, ppl may develop poor self esteem (mental)
• how does inequality:religion impact HS

  a

  those facing discrimination may result in wars between religious groups, increasing MR associated with injury
• how does inequality:religion impact BOD

  a

  less access to public education and reducing the ability to realise human rights can lead to homicides and killing due to religious ties, increasing YLL
• how does inequality:religion impact H+W

  a

  may face discrimination such as being sworn at, increasing their stress levels and may resort to smoking to relieve it, increasing their risk of lung cancer (physical)
• how does inequality:sex impact HS

  a

  higher levels of gender inequality means that females may be unable to seek paid employment, meaning they will have less money. This means that females are more likely to live in poverty, meaning they can't access resources such as healthcare, leading for conditions to go untreated, contributing to higher mortality rates.
• how does inequality:sex impact BOD

  a

  women in low-income countries miss out of opportunities for employment, and may enter jobs that are unfairly paid and dangerous, may increase their risk of obtaining musculoskeletal conditions, increasing YLD